Explain the main determinants of exchange rate behavior in the long Essay

Clarify the fundamental determinants of conversion standard conduct over the long haul and in the short run. With regards to your examination di - Essay Example The theory idea in this market has made it hard for accomplishment of soundness. Increases and misfortunes can be made at the same time in this market. This presents a test in both the full scale and miniaturized scale financial matters world. The components that impact this conduct in the remote trade advertise has been a subject of worry to numerous researchers and financial analysts the world over. The point of this paper is to assess the primary determinants of conversion scale conduct both in the short-run and since quite a while ago run by lighting up various speculations and clarify why trade rates will in general be unpredictable and famously difficult to anticipate. To all the more likely comprehend the trade rates, the paper will initially examine the outside trade market and afterward it will take a gander at the conversion scale systems. The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the benefit showcase approach through the Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIRP) will likewise be b roke down here.â Overview of the Foreign Exchange Market As the name recommends, a remote trade advertise is where monetary forms are exchanged. Outside trade showcase is otherwise called forex advertise. In this market, cash is exchanged for other cash. This is the essential meaning of the remote trade advertise however in more extensive terms, the outside trade showcase isn't confined to the trading of monetary forms. ... Increases are made in a similar breath as misfortunes in this market. This is so in light of the fact that the cost of the cash in the market is dictated by powers of interest and gracefully (Carbaugh, 2011). The money related market like products advertise complies with the laws of interest and flexibly; the interest for cash shifts contrarily with value (Williamson, 2009). On the off chance that interest at a money expands its cost increments (acknowledges) making it ugly in the market. Purchasers in this manner change to purchasing items where estimation of money is low prompting deterioration of the cash until harmony is reached. For instance, in a market including dollars and pounds whereby the dollar is the residential cash and the pound is the remote money, an expansion sought after for outside cash (pound) brings about deterioration of the household money (dollar) while an expansion in gracefully of outside cash prompts valuation for the dollar until harmony is reached (Sercu and Uppal, 1995). The interest and gracefully idea As appeared in figure 1, Do speaks to the interest bend for pounds while So speaks to the flexibly bend. Harmony conversion scale is gotten at where request bend meets with flexibly bend (point E). Now, the conversion scale of dollars per pound is steady henceforth the market is effective (Carbaugh, 2011 p. 399). The interest bend for this situation speaks to the craving of the Americans to buy British merchandise, administrations and resources and by watching the law of interest; the US interest for pound differs contrarily with cost. On the off chance that cost builds, the interest for pounds diminishes and if cost diminishes the interest for pound increments. This implies if the dollar cost of pound expands, sends out from

Consumer Culture Essay -- Consumerism

â€Å"What is purchaser culture?† In the late nineteenth, mid twentieth century another marvel emerged. Alongside the improvement of mechanical advances and urbanization of the developing American culture was the development and ensuing mastery of the â€Å"consumer culture†. Purchaser culture is a term that goes hand and hand with the American lifestyle today, yet in those days it was another and exceptional experience. Alongside the improvement of the mail request inventory, promoting turned into a point of convergence of American broad communications. Publicizing can be followed back as ahead of schedule as Franklin’s â€Å"Philadelphia Gazette†. After the turn of the century hand bills were given in the roads posting products and enterprises that numerous dealers could give, and the New York Sun flaunted that, alongside news, perusers could see ads in full print. The U.S government understood the development of such a solid and powerful medium and that incited them to slap the Stamp Act on an y print notice route in 1765. There are numerous features of purchaser culture that reach from retail and stock and to sports and relaxation. The ascent of baseball as a mainstream sport regarded it America’s most loved distraction (which is another case of shopper culture; giving something a name makes it progressively open to people in general. Additionally if its AMERICA’S most loved side interest, Americans of the day should cherish it, right.) As well as football being built up with rules and guidelines, driving the serious idea of the game far up, and boxi...

Smoking Is More Harmful for Recovering Alcoholics

Smoking Is More Harmful for Recovering Alcoholics Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print Smoking Is More Harmful for Recovering Alcoholics By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on October 05, 2018 Westend61/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use The rates of smoking cigarettes among recovering alcoholics is three times that of the national average and research indicates that alcoholics are at greater risk for the negative health effects of smoking than other smokers. An estimated 21% of the general population smoke cigarettes, but among chemically dependent people, the rate jumps to 80% to 95%. Researchers agree that the rate of smoking among recovering alcoholics is more than triple that  of the general population. Greater Health Risks for Alcoholics Who Smoke Research also shows that because of the damage was done to the body by years of heavy drinking, recovering alcoholics who smoke are at a much greater risk of developing health problems related to smoking â€"  particularly cancer and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, the death rate for alcoholics following treatment is 48.1% within 20 years, compared with only 18.5% for the general population. More than half of those deaths are attributed to smoking (50.9%) compared with 34.1% for alcohol. The Myth That Quitting Will Threaten Your Sobriety One reason few recovering alcoholics attempt to quit smoking is the belief that the stress of quitting smoking could jeopardize their sobriety. Few treatment centers require their patients to stop drinking and smoking at the same time, mainly because many of the people who work in the treatment industry are smokers themselves. Members of recovery groups are warned by other members to take one addiction at a time, further perpetuating the myth. Scientific research, however, tells a different story. Several studies have found that quitting alcohol and cigarettes at the same time actually enhances the chances of maintaining sobriety. The reason, research shows, is because nicotine can increase the craving for alcohol, especially for those who always drank and smoked at the same time. Most Alcoholics Have Tried to Quit Smoking Most recovering alcoholics know they need to quit smoking and want to quit. A survey of people in treatment for alcohol dependence found that more than 50% said they wanted to quit and two-thirds of them had actually tried to quit at least once. Typically, the main reason recovering alcoholics fail to quit smoking is because they try to do it on their own. Rather than using the same tools they used to quit drinking  â€" medical treatment, professional counseling or support group participation â€"  they try to quit smoking without assistance and often fail. Reasons to Quit Smoking According to Terry Martin, the Verywell.com Smoking Cessation Expert, the vast majority of people who smoke fervently wish they did not. Quitting is not easy, no doubt about it. But it begins with having the will to quit. Martin provides lists of the benefits of quitting. Preparing Yourself to Quit Experts agree that the key to successfully quitting is getting yourself prepared to quit psychologically  â€" understanding the difficulties and preparing yourself to face them. Martin gives several tips on how to get ready to quit. Get Help for Smoking Cessation The good news about quitting smoking is that you dont have to do it alone. There are quit smoking aids available to help and a world of support out there to encourage you. Thousands of people quit smoking every year, leaving their addiction to nicotine behind them and they immediately begin to see the healing process begin within the first 20 minutes of putting down that last cigarette.

Ignorance Vs. Intelligence Animal Experimentation And...

Ignorance v. Intelligence: Animal Experimentation and Life Saving Medical Technology The use of non-human animals in experiments in order to gain a further understanding of the functions of biological systems is known as animal experimentation. Medicine as it is known today would not exist without animal experimentation, also referred to as animal testing, animal research, and/or biomedical testing. Albert Sabin, who developed the Polio vaccine said, â€Å"Without animal research, polio would still be claiming thousands of lives each year.† and Dr. Robert Palazzo, President of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) stated that â€Å"Americans are living longer, healthier lives and we owe much of that success to biomedical research.† (Forty reasons why we need animals in research, 2014). Animal experimentation is greatly responsible for the discovery of treatments for some of history’s most deadly diseases, as well as antibiotics for raging infections and vaccines for debilitating viruses that once consumed the Unit ed States, and the rest of the world. Some of the most notable medical advancements that relied on animal testing over the past three decades include, the cervical cancer/ HPV vaccine, asthma treatments, and Insulin. Now, in the 21st century, PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals), the ALF (Animal Liberation Front), and The Humane Society of the United States are seen as heros in the eyes of many Americans for their rebellion againstShow MoreRelatedSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pagesalso found concerns about the ability of people to tamper with the tracking technology and lie about where they are. 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Comparing Early American Colonies Essay - 1239 Words

The beginning of the Americas America was a place for dreams, a new beginning, religious freedom and rights. For the people of Europe the Americas was a place to prosper, worship in there own way, and expand there kingdoms. The only problem is that they attempted to settle in their own way and all failed dismally. The New England, Mid-Atlantic and Southern Colonies grew differently in various ways, but each with the same state of mind, â€Å"do it our way†. Examining the three sets of colonies will prove that they were all different in religion, government, and ways of expansion. New England was started for the search of religious freedom from persecution. England’s government required a strict attendance to the Anglican church. If a†¦show more content†¦,a puritan nobleman, convinced Thomas Hooker, a minister, to lead congrats to this location. As more and more groups followed Connecticut was established in 1636. They were without a charter, thus deciding upon a policy called Fundamental orders of Connecticut. This such government resembled the one of Massachusetts, they would elect governors, only one year at a time. As for religion puritism was the only know one at the time. As the population was growing and new settlers would arrive the colony had to stretch its boundaries. This in turn deteriorated there relations with the natives. Justifying there expropriation of the natives land was considered â€Å" Vacuum Domicilium†. Threw there eyes the natives weren’t using the land to its fullest potential, they were wasting profitable land. As for Massachusetts first year times were rough. The first year over 700 women, men, and children arrived here, but 200 died by the fall of winter. Luckily 12,000 people migrated to Massachusetts in the 1630’s. From king Charles I, Massachusetts obtained a charter to colonize. The people were Calvinists, governing them was a system run by a government based entirely on a godly common wealth. Government was 18 â€Å"assistance† elected by â€Å"freemen† who meet in a genera l assembly where people voted on the code. The towns people where the ones who elected these â€Å"freemen†. The code was know as Laws and liberties of Massachusetts. 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Each region provided various opportunities and breakthrough ideas that created a distinct economic, cultural, and political society different from any other region. These ideas became the beginning of some prominent themes and beliefs Americans see as essential in today’s society. Read MoreEssay Anne Bradstreets Contribution to American Literature 993 Words   |  4 PagesUp until the early 17th century, American literature was chiefly about politics, religion, and recorded events. These writings were very dry and lacked insight into the everyday lives of the authors. To put into writing any individual spiritual reflections that strayed away from the religion of the colony could be dangerous at that time; possibly resulting in banishment from the colony or worse. Likewise, any writing that did not serve at least one of the purposes listed ab ove was considered to be

Poe’s “The Fall of the House of Usher” Free Essays

Edgar Allen Poe is a name that conjures up images of haunting dark rooms and dreary landscapes. His poems and short stories explore the inner workings of the human imagination, the parallelism of life and death, the fine line between sanity and madness, the delicate balance of beauty and terror, and the hesitation between a natural and a supernatural explanation of unusual events. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† examines these themes in a collision and intermingling of manifold, complex circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poe uses duality and mirror images, symbolism, and a Gothic tone to convey the terror and fear that overwhelms and finally destroys the House of Usher. Studying the characters and the connections established between them, the symbolism and duality throughout the story, and most importantly the way in which the story is told, provides insight into the deeper meanings and true significance of the story. A part of the terror of this story is its vagueness. Rather than directly exploring the internal causes of the Ushers’ illnesses, it presents these characters to the narrator and the reader as an impenetrable mystery. While many have tried to decipher the twin motif, this paper serves to explore how the events effect the narrator, and in turn, effect the reader. As the reader tries to interpret the story and make sense of the strange events that unfold, the reader finds himself experiencing feelings that mirror the narrator’s. This is an often overlooked meaning and purpose to â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher. † A study of the opening paragraph is a crucial element to understanding the significance of the story. The opening paragraph not only introduces the conflict between the natural and supernatural, but gives insight into the narrator’s reason for telling this story. First, it sets up an opposition between the narrator’s experience of a force that may be supernatural and his insistent interpretation of this experience as explainable according to obscure psychological laws or else illusory, the mere product of nerves. After struggling to rationalize his immediate â€Å"sense of insufferable gloom† upon merely glancing at the House of Usher, he acknowledges that worldly things can sometimes give shape to the mind. He tries to change his perspective to shake his gloomy feeling, but looking into the tarn and seeing the reflection of the house provides no relief and instead deepens his terror. This experience contradicts his beliefs. The conflict between the reports of his senses and his interpretations of these reports persists when he reasons that being conscious that one is giving way to superstition accelerates the speed at which one gives way. This is â€Å"the paradoxical law of all sentiments having terror as a basis. Parallel to the narrator’s conflict is a subtle opposition that becomes increasingly stronger and important as the story progresses. Unlike many of Poe’s other works, the opening provides no statement of the narrator’s purpose in telling this story. Even though the narrator is never explicit about why he tells this story, he reveals his reasons indirectly from the very beginning. This narrator imagines a listener as conveyed by his conversational tone. T he narrator mildly resists his own story, trying rhetorically to dissociate himself from it. The frequency of his assertions of the present tense increases at crucial points in his narrative: when he recounts his perception of the atmosphere, when he discusses Usher’s artistic productions, and especially, when he reports Usher’s belief in the sentience of all things. This resistance suggests that he is telling this story to convince himself, or rather have the reader confirm that he is not mad. The purpose for the narrator’s visit to the Usher House is to alleviate Rodrick from his suffering by means of his cheerful disposition. Upon discovering the physical similarities between Rodrick and the house, suggesting that both are essentially living corpses, alleviation seems futile. When Usher acknowledges these resemblances by asserting that the â€Å"physique† of the house affects the â€Å"morale† of his existence, he indicates that at the center of his malady is a growing dominance of the material world over his spirit, a world that includes both his house and his body. Rodrick’s house and body have become his prison. Madeline’s presence later in the conversation triggers yet another unaccountable oppression and after finding Usher with his face buried in his hands, he feels helpless. Mid story consists of a succession of of images of Usher’s imprisonment in his world and of the narrator’s attempts to resist the oppressive feelings that attack him. Rather than attempting to change Rodrick’s point of view, the narrator only persists resistance to becoming â€Å"ushered. † The narratology shifts focus to the image of Rodrick. He proclaims his fear of going mad. In his mind, the house is causing him, body and soul, to mirror itself. The narrator, attempting to rationalize once again, concludes that Rodrick’s condition is the condition of his world. It cause is in the nature of things. Rodrick hesitantly admits â€Å"a more natural and far more palpable origin,† hence why he send for the narrator as a aversion. As the days go on, Rodrick entertains the narrator with art and poems, all of which the narrator observes reflect the polarities of Rodrick’s mental state. As the narrator tells of his and Rodrick’s activities and of Rodrick’s behavior, his tone becomes increasingly desperate and his efforts to remind the reader of his presence, rather than just reporting the events, increase exponentially. He describes their artistic pursuits: â€Å"his long, improvised dirges will ring forever in my ears,† â€Å"I hold painfully in my mind,† â€Å"(vivid as their images now are before me). † The narrator’s very efforts to escape into the present of the narration betray him, for what he wishes to escape in the past awaits him in the future. Towards the end of the story, the narrator starts to mirror Rodrick. He appears to be telling his story to deny the significance upon which his story insists. As he resists his story, so his story resists him, refusing to take the shape he desires for it. His story mirrors the House of Usher. The narrator thus reveals his obsession. Could he convince his listener that what he has experienced is illusion, he might perhaps convince himself and so exorcise the story. He is compelled to tell his tale, but compelled by inner necessity to be free of the tale, to save himself. After Madeline’s death, he claims he has been infected by Usher. After the account of Madeline’s burial, the narrator’s efforts at identifying with his listener are less frequent and less desperate. The death of Madeline is followed by the disappearance of all light from Usher’s eyes and by rhetorical hopelessness in the narrator. Usher roams without object from chamber to chamber and gazes â€Å"upon vacancy for long hours,† as if listening (95). Soon the narrator is doing the same. When Rodrick enters the narrator’s room his â€Å"mad hilarity† appalls the narrator, but the narrator welcomes his presence rather than being alone. Usher has come to show him something, the peculiar storm outside, which the narrator at first thinks sublimely beautiful. Upon further observation, he concludes that Usher must not look at it. He reaches this conclusion when he notices that the seemingly living whirlwind appears imprisoned within â€Å"the unnatural light of a faintly luminous and distinctly visible gaseous exhalation which hung about and enshrouded the mansion† (96). For the first time, the narrator reports direct resistance to Rodrick’s perception and a direct attempt to explain it away as â€Å"merely electrical phenomena not uncommon† or as the result of the miasma of the tarn. As a diversion, he suggests reading. As the narrator attempts to entertain Rodrick with a hopeful sounding story he is not diverted. As Usher’s arrival in the narrator’s room mocks the narrator’s earlier arrival at Usher, and as the revelation of the storm emphatically affirms Usher’s world view, so Madeline’s escape from the tomb mocks â€Å"The Mad Trist,† and her appearance turns the screw of the horror of Usher’s world view. The Mad Trist,† while it may, as the narrator asserts, lack imagination, speaks rather directly to Rodrick’s despair. The story, in the portion the narrator tells, is of the reconquest of a palace of gold, which had been reduced by a dragon into a hermit’s hut, a hut with most of the characteristics of the haunted palace of Usher’s poem. Ethelred’s progress, then, suggests the possibility that King might retake his lost kingdom and don again the purple for which he was born. However, in the background is the opposite horror, the echoing series of events leading up to the destruction of the metaphorical king, Rodrick, and his palace. Madeline’s escape from her tomb is a mockery of the recovery of reason. Soon the narrators surrounded by dualities: the twins, the reelings, the usherings, the collapses, the doublings of storm and house. He flees, but as the his rhetoric has already revealed, he cannot escape. He is infected. The House of Usher utters him with its last breath, and he is expelled into a space identical in meaning with those he has left. Were the narrator speaking rather than being spoken, he might seize his last opportunity to assert that with the destruction of the house and the appearance of the natural light of the moon, Usher’s disease disappears from the earth. But it is clear from the manner of his telling as well as from his vision of the moon that the narrator has not yet accomplished this exorcism. The moon insists upon being unnatural, â€Å"a wild light †¦ a gleam so unusual †¦ the full, setting, and blood-red moon,† which bursts upon his sight. Usher is dead and yet, in the narrator, Usher lives on. Turn where he might, he sees only Usher. In the effort to throw off this burden, he tells his story, asking his implied listener to confirm his fruitless assertions that his experience was illusory, but in the very act of telling, he is again caught up in the compelling vision of Madeline’s return and the doubled collapse of the house. Implicit in his attempts at persuasion has been the promise that the tale would come to an end and that his unaccountable experiences would be explained. The final image of the tarn’s waters closing over the fragments of the house violates probability, and the narrator offers no explanation for it. If the opposition between the narrator’s rational explanations and his unaccountable experiences is to be resolved, the reader must do so without the help of the narrator, and the immediately available alternatives are not satisfactory. The reader’s natural response is to re read or relieve the text, trying to rationalize what has just been presented, thus mirroring the role of the narrator. As he has failed in his pursuit to alleviate Usher from his madness, the reader in turn fails to make sense of the narrators experience. How to cite Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, Papers

Hilarious story Essay Example For Students

Hilarious story Essay In Tickets Please by DH Lawrence and Tony Kytes the Arch-Deceiver by Thomas Hardy we are faced by two men who have the power to manipulate women to get what they want from them. Both John Thomas and Tony Kytes initially seem to be manipulative. In a sharp role reversal, the women are able to gain control of the situation; however, they lose this at the end of the stories to the men. Many factors such as the time period in which the stories were written in and the writers point of view cause an unexpected ending to the stories. It is questionable as the two male characters try to manipulate women and whether they succeed or not. Tickets Please written by D H Lawrence was set in the industrial environment of Nottingham during wartime. Tony Kytes written by Thomas Hardy was set in pre 20th century in the rural area of Wessex.  DH Lawrence was obsessed with honesty, particularly with regard to sexual matters. By writing about sex he was breaking social taboos as well as the then laws on decency. DH Lawrence (1885-1930) was one of five children born to a miner and ex-schoolteacher near Nottingham. He managed to avoid working in the mines and became a teacher. Soon he left this job because of ill health and began his career as a writer, travelling widely and writing extensively, producing novels and poems as well as short stories. His work reveals a passionate and intense nature with an accurate eye for detail. Often autobiographical, his writings also show his close relationship with his mother and sensitivity about his poor working-class background. Thomas Hardy was an influence to 20th Century writers, and as recognition of his work his ashes were buried in Poets corner in Westminster Abbey, and his heart buried in his wifes grave Emma. Thomas Hardy was born in 1840 in Dorset. Before His death in 1928, he had written fifteen novels, four collections of short stories and eight collections of poetry. Hardy is a strong storyteller and his works often deal with the problems caused by human passion and desire. Tony Kytes the arch deceiver is a hilarious story of an afternoon when Tony was driving home from the market in his wagon. On his journey he met a pretty girl called Unity fianc Milly. As they were riding he sees Milly fearing his displeasure on seeing Unity riding with him on the wagon, he manages to persuade Unity to hide at the back of the wagon.  Later on in the journey he manages to persuade Milly to do the same thing when he sees yet another young lady, this time called Hannah. Inevitably, at the end of the journey the three young ladies discover each others presence. After a brief period of mayhem, Milly and Tony are alone again planning their wedding. Tickets Please tells us the story of John Thomas (an inspector on the trams) finally seducing Annie (a conductor on the trams). He wanted to be only a natural presence, so when Annie wants more he leaves her. To get her revenge Annie persuades his five previous lovers to join her laying a trap for john Thomas. They lock him in waiting room and attack him violently.  He is forced to choose one of them. Once he makes his decision he leaves because Annie doesnt want him and neither do the rest of them.  The way in which Tony Kytes is different to john Thomas is the way in which he treats the women. Tony Kytes generally likes all the women. Would have kissed all three of them  Whereas John Thomas uses them for his own pleasure. Tony Kytes wasnt a philanderer but he was still the womans favourite. He is more boyish looking and doesnt have the manly features like the moustache, which John Thomas has. There was no more sign of a whisker or beard on Tony Kytes face than on the palm of my hand  Another thing the both of the men have very much in difference is that John Thomas is only interested in short-term relationships whereas Tony Kytes wants commitment and marriage. Overall both men enjoy their success with women. .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 , .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .postImageUrl , .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 , .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647:hover , .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647:visited , .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647:active { border:0!important; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647:active , .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647 .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua620e08d30fd7bdfc344afcef4792647:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Battle Royal EssayWomen find Tony very attractive, despite his scars from smallpox which he had as a boy. He was a very serious youngster, though you wouldnt know it by reading the story. Tony, as a man, is very scandalous and facetious, in the way that there is more humour rather than deceit when he shifts between women. He is an unfaithful, indecisive man whose shaven-face and charms will get him anywhere. Hardy begins with a description of Tony Kytes: Twas a little, round, firm, tight face, with a seam here and there left by the smallpox, but not enough to hurt his looks in a womans eye, though hed had it badish when he was a boy.  He looked very hard at a small speck in your eye when talking to ee  He quickly establishes that Tony is a womaniser.  He was quite the womens favourite and in return for their liking he loved them in shoals John Thomas Raynor is an inspector on the trams during wartime along with the comely women conductors and the delicate young men who could not go to war. (There is no mention of why John Thomas didnt go war, and his description mentions no physical flaws.) He is an egotistical, uncaring tram inspector, who is very much a coward under the tough exterior.  Lawrence is just as skilful in showing his readers that John Thomas is also a womaniser.  He flirts with the girl conductors in the morning and walks out with them in the dark night He flirts and walks out with the newcomers Although, neither man is ever in love with any of the women. Tony Kytes loved em in shoals, which meant there wasnt any true love on his part. He knew that he was quite the womans favourite and used this to his advantage. Tony was very easily led, and his feelings for the women tend to change faster than the wind. Likewise John Thomas like meaningful relationships with women, and liked to remain a nocturnal presence.  Both men manipulate the women to their advantage, leaving a trail of broken hearts behind them, as, unfortunately for the women, for them it is true love- although for the men they were just an afterthought, the women hate being rejected or even rejecting. Tony is cautious when it comes to the women- he shows concern for their feelings, or perhaps, just his own, when he hides them from view so as not to upset other people:  Now dearest Unity, will ye, to avoid all unpleasantness, which I know ye cant bear any more than I  He is just manipulating Unitys feelings, and using it to get his own way by telling her things that he knows she wants to hear:  Will ye lie down in the back part of the wagon and let me cover you over with the tarpaulinand perhaps I shall put a loving question to you after all Victorian women are meant to be reserved, for example, it would be scandalous for them to ask for a lift:  My dear Tony, will you give me a lift home?  Unity is a very up-front women, who has no trouble at all in complaining to Tony about Milly, to whom he is engaged, or persuading him that she is prettier than Milly:  In fact, I never knowed you was so pretty before!  When Milly arrives, Tony tries to stall time to think up an excuse as to why she shouldnt ride with him:  I was thinking that you might be going into town to meet your mother. I saw her there- and she looked as if she might be expecting ee

Shakespeare carefully develops language to suit his characters and the mood of the play Essay Example

Shakespeare carefully develops language to suit his characters and the mood of the play Essay Shakespeare carefully develops language to suit his characters and the mood of the play. By referring to the characters and events in Romeo and Juliet show how he does this. Discuss different interpretations of the characters giving you opinion of them. Romeo and Juliet was written in the late 16th century by William Shakespeare, a time when the language was very different to the English we speak today. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare carefully develops language to suit his characters and the mood of the play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare carefully develops language to suit his characters and the mood of the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare carefully develops language to suit his characters and the mood of the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I have seen several different productions of Romeo and Juliet: Firstly, Baz Luhrmanns modern film, which I really enjoyed and easily understood. This was because Luhrmanns version transposed the action into the 21st century, with drugs, alcohol, car, firearms and a modern set, so that I could easily identify and relate to it. Zefferilis old-fashioned film is probably more how Shakespeare imagined his play to be, as it is portrayed with a set and costumes from the 16th century. Finally I saw a theatrical production in Warwick which helped Shakespeares words come to life, and gave me a clearer idea of each characters role in the play. Gregory and Sampson In Romeo and Juliet, the opening scene involves two of Capulets servants, Gregory and Sampson, who are armed with swords and bucklers. This straight away gives the impression that they are aggressive and ready for a fight. Both men are chatting together, very crudely, about sex and women. Like typical men they are boasting about their sexual prowess, turning everything into crude jokes, using word-play such as stand, thrust, maidenheads, tool and weapon. They are very sexist referring to women as being the weaker vessels. They think that they can over-power women and that women look up to them as superiors. As Sampson says; Me they shall feel while I am able to stand and tis known I am a pretty piece of flesh. This vulgar and crude talk about sex, is very different to the love Romeo and Juliet share for each other later on in the play. Their love is pure and true, and is much more than just sex! Luhrmann captures this crude boastful talk about sex very well, and it isnt over stated, so you can get the full affect about what they are talking about, shown when one of the characters licks his nipple! The Warwick Arts production was effective too, with Gregory and Sampson using vulgar movements to go with their crude jokes, for example, when Sampson pretended to urinate against the wall! Further into their conversation, Sampson and Gregory boast that they are superior to the Montagues, A dog of that house shall move me to stand: I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montagues, Which means if one of those dogs (Montagues) stirs them into a temper, Gregory and Sampson will stand their ground. This illustrates the characters nature showing that they are rough and ready for a fight. This opening scene in Romeo and Juliet is important, as it is such a contrast to Romeo and Juliets love. The play starts in prose to reflect the casual, informal way the boys speak and the way they behave. This is a scene of violence and comedy. When Romeo enters later on, and when he falls in love with Juliet, Shakespeare changes this style of writing, and uses poetry as it is sophisticated, more formal and emotional. He often uses rhyming couplets for example, when Romeo expresses his emotions. Such as O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright . It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night. Mercutio Mercutio is one of my favourite characters, because of his larger-than-life personality, and the funny but crude jokes he makes. His name comes from Mercurial which means lively and unpredictable. Throughout the play we can see that his name reflects his personality. When he speaks his Queen Mab speech it is imaginative and Mercutio seems to lose touch with reality. Another character whose name has been chosen to suit his character is Benvolio. His name comes from benevolent which means kind, and the inclination to do good. Benvolio is a Montague, and a good friend of Romeos. These two characters, Mercutio and Benvolio, are both different. Mercutio is very confident, outspoken and extrovert, prepared to fight, whereas Benvolio is a peacemaker who is not interested in fighting or aggression, saying Part fools, put up your swords, you know not what you do. Benvolio is very cautious, unlike Romeo. The Montagues and the Prince can trust his word. Benvolio seems to be used as a contrast to the other characters in order to emphasize their aggression. I think Baz Luhrmanns film is the best production of Romeo and Juliet, because he manages to transpose the action into the 21st century with his use of guns, drugs, cars, and a modern set. However I feel that he portrays Benvolio as too trendy, with an open shirt and baggy trousers, as if he is not kind or good natured. When Benvolio tries to part the Capulets with Gregory and Sampson, he draws out his gun and uses it as a weapon of intimidation, which is not how I picture Benvolio behaving. It seems aggressive and out of character. Mercutio is neither a Capulet nor a Montague, but is close friends with Romeo. He is first introduced to us in Act one scene four, when they are on the street outside Capulets mansion. They are carrying masks and torches, preparing to visit the Capulets party. Mercutio, with his lively personality and crude jokes, tries to cheer Romeo out of his sadness: Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. He also says, If love be rough with you, be rough with love: Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down, which is typically sexually suggestive. When Romeo refuses to be cheered up, and has no wish to join the dance, Mercutio begins to tell the tale of Queen Mab. Mercutio is funny, and very descriptive, going into the finest detail about the chariot, and the fairies midwife. Mercutio starts his speech with O then I see Queen Mab hath been with you, which sounds comical and magical. In Luhrmanns production, the Queen Mab speech is delivered very well, with the idea that Mercutio has lost touch with reality, because he has taken drink and drugs. This makes Mercutio feel relaxed, unconcerned about what people think of him, or what he is saying. Mercutio continues his speech with the finest detail saying; She comes in shape no bigger than an agate-stone on the forefinger of an alderman, drawn with a team of little atomi. Her chariot is an empty hazel-nut, and Her wagon spokes made of long spinners legs. From this we can see that Shakespeare develops Mercutios language to emphasize Mercutios lively personality. This detailed description builds up an image in my head of Mercutios perception of Queen Mab: she is a fragile, beautiful, magical fairy. However his magical description becomes violent and disturbing, talking about how, She driveth oer a soldiers neck, and then dreams he of cutting foreign throats. Romeo and his friends, who are listening to Mercutios speech become very disturbed and anxious, and Romeo replies Peace, peace, Mercutio, peace!. They do not want to hear any more disturbing or unpleasant thoughts from Mercutio. Mercutio is next shown, mocking Romeos love for Rosaline, when they are outside the Capulets mansion. He pretends to be a magician saying, Romeo! Humors! Madam! Passion! Lover! Appear thou in the likeness if a sigh. Mercutio also seizes every opportunity to make sexual puns, such as demesnes, stand, spirit, and medlar. At this point Mercutio does not know about Romeos undying love for Juliet, and still thinks Romeo is in love with Rosaline. I found this scene very funny and entertaining at the theatre, where Mercutio was extremely extrovert and larger than life. The most disturbing and upsetting scene is in Verona, in a public place when Mercutio is laughing at Benvolios fears of meeting the Capulets, as Benvolio knows a fight will surely break out, I pray thee, good Mercutio, lets retire: The day is hot, the Capels are abroad, and if we meet we shall not scape a brawl, For now these hot days, is the mad blood stirring. This means that, as the day is hot, and people become very tired and touchy, if any Capulet insults or infuriates any one, a challenge to a fight would not be turned down. When Tybalt enters, Mercutio taunts Tybalt, but Tybalt ignores his insults, because he is seeking Romeo. However Romeo refuses to accept Tybalts challenge to fight, and tries to placate him saying, I do protest I never injured thee, But love thee better than thou canst devise, Till thou shalt know the reason of my love; and so good Capulet , which name I tender as dearly as mine own, be satisfied. The reason why Romeo is against a fight with the Capulets is because he has fallen deeply in love with Juliet and married her. It is already hard enough that they are from different families who are enemies, but becoming engaged in a physical fight would certainly make their relationship even more difficult. Mercutio is angered by Romeos refusal to fight, and challenges Tybalt to a fight himself. Romeo who was against the fight in the first place, tries to make peace. However his intervention is fatal to Mercutio, who becomes mortally wounded when stabbed by Tybalt under Romeos arm. Even when Mercutio is dying he continues to play on words, and he is very comical. He persists with his light-hearted jokes saying, Ay ay, a scratch, scratch, marry, tis enough. Because of this none of his friends realize or believe that he is fatally wounded. In fact they laugh at the act that they think Mercutio is putting on. Mercutio curses both the Montagues and the Capulets saying A plague a both houses! I am sped. Is he gone and hath nothing? In Zefirellis production I feel that this scene was made too comical and funny and light-hearted, as I pictured Mercutio to be aggressive and violent. After Mercutio (and Tybalt) die, there are no funny, comical or crude scenes. This happens so that more emphasis can be directed towards Romeo and Juliet. After Mercutio has said those words a plague a both houses! the whole story seems to go down hill, becoming very much more serious and solemn. At the theatre production, the audience seemed frustrated and upset that Mercutio, the life of the play had died. This increases peoples hatred of Tybalt, the murderer. The Nurse In Act one, Scene three, we are introduced to the Nurse when she is in conversation with Lady Capulet and Juliet. The Nurses position in the Capulet household is rather different to that of a normal servant. She was once Juliets wet nurse, and from then on they have been close, just like a mother daughter relationship. Juliet has taken the place of the daughter that the nurse once had, and everything the Nurse does, she does for Juliet. She has been totally devoted to Juliet like a mother. The Nurse immediately comes across as an enthusiastic, very confident and down to earth character, and quite crude as she says, Now by my maidenhead at twelve year old, I bade her come. What lamb! What, ladybird! God forbid, wheres this girl? What, Juliet!. I was quite surprised that the Nurse was admitting she lost her virginity when she was twelve. I would expect the Nurse to be polite and courteous, as her job is dependent on Lady Capulet. Juliets nurse is very talkative and relates a story from Juliets childhood until she is interrupted. She uses sexual references when talking such as, Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit and A bump as big as a young cockrels stone! After watching two different versions of Romeo and Juliet on video, which showed the Nurse as being crude and dramatic, I felt that the Nurse was portrayed as too sophisticated and formal in the theatre production to make any of her crude jokes entertaining or funny. Lady Capulet and Juliet are very reserved with each other, not like the Nurse and her now dead husband. Juliet refers to her own mother as madam and Lady Capulet relies greatly on the Nurses support when it comes to making decisions for Juliet as she says; This is the matter. Nurse, give leave a while, We must talk in secret. Nurse come back again, I have remembered me, thou s hear our counsel. This shows that Lady Capulet is too scared to talk to Juliet in private without the Nurse present as she feels that they are not very close, and the Nurse can deal with the situation better. To show that the Nurse is not very well educated she does not speak in poetry. Instead she speaks in prose, which shows she is not very sophisticated. Shakespeare used language to give his characters different personalities and to make them come to life. He also changed the tone of the play by altering the way different characters spoke. He uses language to set a crude and bawdy scene and then changes the tone of the play into a romantic and emotional scene again, by using more sophisticated poetry. He also uses language to establish a characters intellect, and to emphasize their position in society, for example the Nurses crude references, as opposed to the Friars.

The Prefix Co-

The Prefix Co- The Prefix Co- The Prefix Co- By Mark Nichol If you’re the betting type, and you wager on whether a given word beginning with a prefix is attached directly to the root word or linked with a hyphen, bet against the hyphen: The trend- in American English, at least- is to close prefixed words and compound words. However, you won’t always win, because there are exceptions, even among words beginning with a particular prefix. Take the prefix co-, for example. Using the Merriam-Webster’s website as the authority, we can see that virtually every word beginning with the prefix is closed. Exceptions include most words in which the root word begins with o, including co-official, co-organizer, and co-owner. Co-op takes a hyphen when it serves as an abbreviation for cooperative, even though the full term is not hyphenated- though it, like many other words containing prefixes, once was. (However, the unrelated term coop, referring to a shelter for birds or other animals, has no hyphen.) In British English, which is generally more conservative about orthography and word treatment, the correct form is co-operative (and co-operate and co-operation). Co-opt, however, is standard in both dominant forms of English. An all-but-obsolete treatment of such words to signal that the o’s are separated by a syllabic break- this style quaintly persists in the pages of the New Yorker- is the inclusion of a diaresis (two dots) over the second instance. Avoid attempting to attach the prefix to a phrase, as in â€Å"co-personal assistant,† which fails because it describes an assistant who is co-personal, not a personal assistant who shares responsibility with another person holding that title. A natural solution is to employ a slightly sturdier en dash in place of the hyphen to convey the prefix’s relationship to the entire phrase, not just the first word (equivalent to the stronger symbol’s usage in such phrases as â€Å"pre–Industrial Revolution†), but this strategy is not standard; instead, merely substitute co- with fellow. Finally, avoid the prefix altogether if it is always redundant, as in copartner, and consider doing so if, in context, it is often so, as in co-conspirator. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsWhat is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Drama vs. Melodrama

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading Response - Essay Example Global Context According to studies by scholars it is evident that there has been a global shift with regard to immigration integration. Back in the early 1970s there had been growing support for multiculturalism but however in the 1990s and 2000s the shift has become evident and people are proving to move away from multiculturalism and rather taking to cohesion and integration (Dekkers 189-205). We could use the example of Netherlands who at some point adapted one of the best forms of multiculturalism in the whole of Europe, and that was in the 1980s. However they started dropping the policies bit by bit in the early 1990s up to when it seemed impossible in the 2000s when the entire system was entirely dropped and came to be replaced with very harsh policies which can be termed as not far from old fashion assimilation. Multiculturalism has experienced no form of success ever in the Europe and with it has brought many serious consequences. The only way to handle this is by insisting to new comers to fully subject to their new identity. They should fully embrace the Dutch or British in terms of their social lives and if at all their ethnic identities are to be preserved then they should not be done so in public. The European verses the Canadian Model: Relationship and impact In Europe multiculturalism has been attributed to several ills such as isolation of immigrants, residential ghettoization discrimination against ethnic, increased stereotyping and others as stated in the case. However the perception of multiculturalism playing role to all these can be put up for debate since there exists no tangible evidence showing that the ills named above are more prevalent in countries who failed to adopt the multiculturalism policies (Hyman 1-14). Some views have been aired by several commentators’ and they can be summarized to reveal that multiculturalism has drastically failed in Europe leading to greater stereotyping, prejudice and greater segregation. Many Ca nadians also think that they may be immune to this issue but it is evident that this same issue is gradually emerging in Canada. The only remedy either being the abolition of the multiculturalism or post-cultureless. Canada had adopted an assimilationist approach to ethnic groups that carried the hope of having the immigrants to fully assimilate to the pre-existing mainstream culture and still hoped that with time they would be fully absorbed and become indistinguishable. In around 1971 there was the adoption of the multiculturalism policy and the main goals included assisting all Canadian cultural groups having demonstrated full desire and effort to continue to develop a capacity to grow and offer contributions to Canada, to promote creative encounters among all Canadian groups and assisting immigrants to fully acquire the rights to participate in the Canadian society by learning at least one Canadian official language. There is an area where multiculturalism seems to overlap and t his concerns racism and discrimination. Although the aboriginal people are not counted as visible minorities, they are still clear victims of racism. Within the category of visible minorities there are important differences in the nature of the nature of the types of racism they encounter.is is also believed that anti-black racism is far much different from the type of racism faced by the visible minorities. If we tried to take a look at the statistics

ARABIC CULTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ARABIC CULTURE - Essay Example The Semitic people are said to have originated from the Arab peninsula, gaining the bulk of the people of Mesopotamia from the Jazirat al-Arab or the island of the Arabs which is the place between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf (Goodspeed, p. 54). The Hadramawt forms in the southern border reaching northward to the east of the Dead Sea (Craig, p. 13). The non-Arab Semitic settlers were Arameans, Akkadians, Amorites, Israelites, Eblaites, and Canaanites; and they established their communities in Mesopotamia and the Levant. These people gradually came to intermix and intermarry with each other (Hammer, et.al., p. 6769). They gradually lost their domination of the near east due to internal issues. The first time that the label â€Å"Arab† came into being was in an Assyrian inscription of 853 BCE where King Gindibu was defeated in the Battle of Karkar. At this time accounts of these defeated groups include Assyrian texts which later translated to â€Å"Arab†. These people were considered desert-dwelling Semitic groups (History World, p. 3). War would later break out between the Assyrians and the Arabs during Ashurbanipal’s time. The medieval genealogists divided the Arab people into three groups: first are the ancient Arabs who vanished; second are the pure Arabs of South Arabia; and last are the Arabized Arabs from North Arabia who were considered descendants of Ishmael, son of Abraham (Nydell, p. 53). There are various terms used to define the Arabs, and some of them define Muslims to be nomadic Arabs, formerly nomadic Arabs (Egyptians and Yemenis), and the Saracens as defined by the Christians (Goodspeed, p. 56). The Qur’an does not have the term Arab, instead it uses the term ‘arabiy,’. After the 8th century Islamic conquest, Arabic language was defined as the pure and uncontaminated language of the

The concepts of Leadership and Management

The concepts of Leadership and Management In recent years, there has been ongoing debate as to whether or not there is an obvious distinction between the concepts of Leadership and Management (McCartney Campbell, 2006).Although leadership and management are vital to organisations many theorist argue that both terms are profoundly different and that both exist as two separate entities (Bennis Nanus ,2003; Hughes, Ginnett Curphy ,2002; Shriberg, Shriberg Kumari, 2005 ; Zaleznik, 1977, cited by McCartney Campbell, 2006 ). Bennis Nanus (2003) argues that managing is to bring about, to accomplish, to have charge of or responsibility for and to conduct, whereas leading is to influence and provide direction (p.20). Bennis Nanus (2003) asserts that Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right things (p.20). Hence, the connotation can be interpreted as an association between efficiency and effectiveness, vision and rational and finally innovation and logic (Sampson Daft, 2009). Although Benn is Nanus (2003) statement is mostly true there appears to be an indistinguishable region, due to the fact that leading is considered as one of the four functions of management and that leaders occasionally use certain managerial skills to achieve personal and organisational goals. This essay will provide linkages between theoretical arguments of both Leadership and Management first by providing a theoretical definition on both terms followed by a well developed argument on the basis of whether or not both terms are distinct or that one paradigm is a subset of the other (Koontz, 1964, as cited in McCartney Campbell, 2006). Numerous management texts often define management as a set of activities directed at an organisations resources with the aim of achieving organisational goals in an efficient and effective manner (Griffin, 2002, p.7, as cited in McCartney Campbell, 2006). Sampson Daft (2009) describe leadership as the ability to influence people to the attainment of organisational goals through interpersonal relationships that co-exists between leaders and followers. Colvard (2003) argues that although managers provide leadership and vice versa, managers do not perform the unique functions of leaders. Similarly, Bennis Nanus (2003) emphasised that leaders generally carried out a different organisational purpose than that of managers, as leaders required different sets of skills to meet organisational goals. In contradiction to Colvard and Bennis Nanuss statements , Caldwell (2003) claims that in current times innovation is as much essential in management as in leadership, as managers no longer pe rform their traditional role of directing and controlling work procedures but act more often as facilitators (Kirton 1980; Kanter 1989) . In recent years there has been much written on the difference between leadership and management (Sampson Daft, 2009). One of the many viewpoints suggested is that both management and leadership require distinct skill sets that vary from one another to such a degree that they are unlikely to become uniform (Zaleznik, 1977, cited in McCartney and Campbell, 2006). Often the Distinctions between management and leadership are associated with power, personal history, motivation and even empowerment. Contemporary leadership texts maintain their position in regards to the differences argued between both concepts, with references to Benniss quote. An alternative notion on leadership and management is that one paradigm is a subset of the other, therefore signifying the ability of an individual to possess both leadership and managerial skills. Koontz (1964) implied that managers possess leadership skills even though it accounts for small fraction in the functions of a manager. In contrast, Bennis and Nanus (1985) considered leadership as being the most comprehensive concept of the two by presenting it as the preferred alternative to management. Many other theorists believe that leadership and management are complimentary skill sets that are both necessary for organisational success (Kotter, 1990). Russells (2001) described individuals who possessed both sets of skills as leader-manager. As there are many perspectives, it appears that the debate concerning whether leadership and management skills are distinct interpersonally or whether they can coexist intrapersonally has not yet been fully resolved (Yukl, 2002). Both Zaleznik (1998) and Kotter (1990) emphasises that leadership and management may be similar and yet very distinct. Managers set up and account for whereas leaders establish direction. Managers control while leaders motivate. Managers produce high standards and consistency in a specified timeframe. Leaders produce the potential for dramatic change and possibly even failure (Kotter, 1990). The vast amount of research on the issue of the difference between the concepts and leadership and management indicate that leaders manage and sometimes managers lead (Bass, 1990). There is more to leadership than managing and vice versa as leadership is a small quantity in the functions of managment. Leaders and managers may be differentiated by attitudes, goals and values. Generally many leadership theorists argue that the functions of leaders and managers are theoretically different .However the two concepts occasionally blended, but act as two different functions. Kotter (1995) distinguishes management as the process by carrying out structured procedures and policies as method of dealing with change. The main difference argued in the distinction between leaders and managers is related to source of power and the amount of conformity it creates within the followers (Sampson Daft, 2009). Sampson Daft (2009) classify power as the ability to influence the behaviour of others (Mintzberg, 1983; Pfeffer, 1981) (p.554). In general there are five sources of power, legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent, which can subsequently be further divided to position and personal power (French Raven, 1960, as cited in Sampson Daft 2009). Management power comes from organisational structure by promoting stability and resolving problems in order to fulfill their task and achieve organisational goals (Zaleznik 1977; Sampson Daft 2009).leadership power, however , comes from the personal sources and interests of the leader (Sampson Daft 2009) .Legitimacy of managers depends upon employee acceptance, whereas legitimacy of a leader depends on the reception of their subordinates (Bass 1990). The great man theory focuses on leaders who have achieved a level of greatness (Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 1999). This theory presumes that a great man or individual possess the essential skills to perform as a leader. Many theorist have investigated the behaviour of leaders and how this impacts on leadership effectiveness (Yukl, 2006), the function of leadership (Shamir, 1995), as well as on contingency approaches (Baker, 2007; Fiedler, 1967). It is believed that the behaviour of a leader, rather than their personal traits determines leadership effectiveness as well as the overall achievement of organisational goals (Sampson Daft, 2009). The focus of recent research has shifted from personality traits toward the behaviour displayed by leaders. Different patterns of behaviour were grouped together and labeled as styles. The best known theory was Blake and Moutons leadership Grid .The leadership grid measured a leaders concern for people and the task at hand. the model consist of five major management styles; team management whereby set tasks are accomplished by committed workers. Secondly Club style management is when the primary focus is shifted from being task oriented to worker orientated. Authority compliance management happens when the primary focus is on efficiency in operations/productions. Middle of the road management is a style that reflects an even amount of concern on the task at hand as well as the concern for the works. Lastly , Impoverished management occurs when managers arent concerned with the task as well as the workers, taking a laissez- faire approach . This theoretical approach is often effectiv e in allowing managers to consider different actions or methods in reaching organisational goals.   In contrast, contingency leadership theories focus on the application and effectiveness of leadership styles to the different operating environments that can be found in the workplace (Sampson Daft, 2009). The contingency approach assumes the leadership behaviour is dependent on a wide variety of chance events or situations. This approach is used to identify the conditions of a task, managerial job and person as parts of a complete management situation and attempt to integrate them all into a solution which is most appropriate for a specific circumstance (Sampson Daft, 2009). Frederick Fiedlers contingency model emphasises the importance on leadership style, position power and the situation in which that leader operates. Fiedler associates the effectiveness of a leader as by assessing group situations. Fred Fiedlers Contingency Model also expects that the success of leaders will depend upon their characteristics (Sampson Daft, 2009). Path- Goal theory concentrates on leaders providing rewards individual accomplishment of objectives by illustratively providing a path to the achievement goals and the removement of barriers.   There are four primary styles of leadership styles in the path- goal theory. Firstly is supportive leadership occurs when leaders sympathises with the workers needs. Directive leadership is the situation in which leaders set out the performance goals by providing specific guidelines to allow subordinates towards the achievement of organisational goals. Thirdly, achievement oriented leadership occurs when leaders emphasises the importance of achievement of difficult tasks whereby employees are awarded according to their achievements .lastly participative leadership occurs when leaders consult with sub ordinates about work and the path in which to take to resolve problems. Leaders should adopt a style with which they complement the organisational situation to ensure that both the work is compl eted within the set period of time. Recent work on leadership has begun to distinguish leadership as something more than just the ability to influence and motivate people (Sampson Daft, 2009). Research has found that some leadership approaches are more effective than others. These types of leadership are catogorised as transformational and transactional leadership. Transformational leadership occurs when leaders broaden their horizons in order to fulfill organisational goals and the needs of employees .Burns (1977) argued that it was possible to distinguish between transactional and transforming leaders. Bass (1985) suggested transactional forms can be drawn upon and transformed. Thus, resulting in transformational leadership being efficient in the accomplishment of organisational goals

The Evolution of Communication Essay -- Internet Net World Wide Web Me

The Evolution of Communication Since the earliest of years, communication has been an important part of life. The term communication is defined as a means to give or interchange thoughts, feelings, information, or the like, by writing, speaking, gesturing, etcetera ( Stein, 298). Communication allows humans and other life-forms to interact with each other and transfer important information. The information transferred could be comprised of anything from a nearby food source to the discovery of fire. Over the years, communication has taken many forms. In 1962, a singer and songwriter named Bob Dylan (b. Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941, Duluth, Minnesota) released his first album titled Bob Dylan. After listening to this album and noticing his talent for intertwining melodic songs and lyrics that spread social consciousness to the masses, it is hard to believe the simple grunt had come this far. Through the advances of science, scientist have concluded that the evolution of life probably took place over the past tens of millions of years. During these years life has evolved from tiny microscopic organisms into modern man. The genus Homo, which houses mankind, only appeared some two million years ago. Through much research, it has been concluded that speech probably arrived in its simplest form some 250,000 to 300,000 years ago. This early stage of speech, or communication, consisted of Neanderthals using their mouths to formulate sounds. This attempt to communicate by sound, which may have been discovered by listening to animals such as birds or other creatures and attempting to recreate them, is commonly known as grunting (Lacy, 2). The transformation from grunting, to the actual formulation of words, probably took pl... ...y. Many people took advantage of the radio and attempted to raise social consciousness through the broadcasting of songs and lyrics (information). Radio allowed information to be distributed in a wide range. Song's were played to whomever would listen, and not just in certain areas and ethnic boundaries. One such educator was Bob Dylan. Over three decades Bob Dylan released 46 albums. Dylan's combination of folk music, social consciousness, and the radio allowed him to speak to a nation. The information he was sending was heard by millions upon millions and could be traced all the way back to the simple grunt some 250,000 to 300,000 years ago. Works Cited Ed., Jess Stein. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. Random House Publishing: New York, 1967 Lacy, Dan. From Grunts To Gigabytes. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois: Urbana,1996

A Look at Loblaws Companies

In 1919 the first Loblaw grocery store opened in Toronto. Theodore Pringle Loblaw and J. Milton Cork had a new idea of a grocery store, one which would be fully self- serve and would offer better quality foods at lower prices. In 1978, ‘No Name’ products were introduced into Loblaw stores. These products had distinct yellow packaging, and Loblaw stores experienced an outstanding customer feedback. In 1984, ‘President’s Choice’, one of Loblaw’s own brands made its first debut in stores. Consumer feedback and satisfaction for President’s Choice products was superb and â€Å"everything from toasters to train sets† were made. Loblaw Companies has now grown to over seventy locations in Ontario alone. (Loblaw Website, Main Page) The years 2005 to 2008 were very important for Loblaw, the company underwent expansion to ultimately ensure their mission to be â€Å"Canada’s best food, (Loblaw: First Store) health and home retailer by exceeding customer expectations through innovative products at great prices. † These expansions are still taking place today. â€Å"In 2005, Loblaw Companies Limited moved closer to completing one of the largest transformations in its history. They were challenged by the size and impact of the short term costs associated with executing certain elements of the transformation. † Working facilities merged, and there were major store renovations. A new head office and Store Support Centre was established in Brampton, Ontario; which now employs 2,000 Ontarians. However, these expansions caused some setbacks. Loblaw made changes to their national systems platform and supply chain. This change disrupted the flow of its inventory and had an overall negative effect on the sales and earnings for 2005. This simplified their distribution network which made the movement of inventory much less time consuming and lead to lower costs. A capital investment program exceeding $1 billion was used to continue the expansion of â€Å"The Real Canadian Superstore† in Ontario. This money was also used to convert specific conventional stores into much larger superstores, strategically choosing the stores that reflected a growing market. A new general merchandise warehouse and distribution centre for Eastern Canada was also established. This improved the overall speed of inventory and stock from the warehouse to grocery stores. As of 2005, the Company â€Å"believe that [they] are taking the significant steps required to ensure that Loblaw continue to grow, to succeed and to provide sustainable value in a changing landscape† (Annual Report 2005, pp. 5-6). The year 2008 was not as eventful as 2005. They struggled with more setbacks, and had the ideal thought of â€Å"Making Loblaw the Best Again†. As stated in their Annual Report, â€Å"[They] continue [their] efforts to simplify and sharpen Loblaw, fix the basics that matter to customers, restore innovation, and grow Loblaw through [their] ‘Formula for Growth’†. Strategies for success continued to be built upon from the past, including finding ways to make employees’ jobs easier. This implemented more cost-effective decisions, allowing Loblaw to introduce a more diverse product line, and ultimately managed their cash more effectively. However, Loblaw underwent some new expansions in 2008, such as revamping their supply chain and IT infrastructure. They also opened four new distribution centres which made service levels greater than the past. Loblaw had noticed this new IT infrastructure system cut-down and simplified high workloads and many errors. Loblaw adopted a new and improved pricing index management system, which is currently an important component of the organization. Overall, Loblaw is having a hard time being a consistent high performing company, however they have challenged themselves and are still â€Å"making Loblaw worth switching supermarkets for† (Annual Report 2008, pp. 3-8). Structure The above diagram represents the corporate structure of Loblaw Companies Limited. It demonstrates how each specific section of the Board of Directors and Officers communicate to one another through the company. This system is used because it is unreasonable to expect that all levels of employees are able to communicate easily with every other employee and this hierarchy of labor is what allows better communication through employees. Location When analyzing the 2008 Annual Report for Loblaw Companies it is noted that across Canada there are: -609 corporate and -427 franchised stores in every province and territory in Canada -21 banners across the country -21 company and -5 third-party-operated distribution centers services their stores These numbers are constantly on the rise and have only increased steadily over the years. (Annual Report 2008, p. ) Product, Price, Promotion, and Distribution Strategies In 2005, Loblaw’s main focus was on food, health, and nutrition. They introduced a large number of new No Name and President’s Choice products, including PC Blue Menu and PC Organics, to satisfy health-conscious customers. Additionally, they introduced new lines, such as PC Mobile and Joe Fresh Style. Their key strategy was to provide â€Å"innovation, quality, value, and focus on the consumer† (Annual Report 2005, pp. 5). To reach different markets, they had four store formats to cater to customers’ needs; hard discount, warehouse clubs, conventional stores, and superstores. Loblaw had been working on remodeling the store exterior, reformatting banners, updating decor, and changing signage to give the stores a new look that will attract more consumers. In their Annual Report, it is stated that â€Å"Loblaw has a proven ability to anticipate and respond to changing consumer preferences in an increasingly competitive landscape and is committed to meeting more of the food and everyday household needs of consumers from coast to coast (Annual Report 2005, p. 11)†. Through the strategy of relationship marketing, they hope to be able to keep the customer base they have built by meeting their needs (Annual Report 2005, pp. -11) By 2008, they had brought back their slogan: ‘Worth switching supermarkets for’. They hoped to meet the expectation in their slogan through quality, value, and innovation. Loblaw wanted to make (Loblaw Cashier) the stores already in place better, instead of building new ones. They also had a focus on freshness and style. Loblaw introduced and redesigned almost 2000 products during this year, including bringing back the yellow and black colours on No Name items. While increasing their products for the health-conscious consumer, they also have products and labels for those who are eco-friendly. They want their customers to have a choice on the type of store they shop at, so they still have the four store formats. One of their strategies was to â€Å"re-establish the value advantage in the minds of consumers, and providing products and services customers can’t find anywhere else† (Annual Report 2008, p. 9) They have changed food presentations, improved the quality of their sourcing, and have over 1000 price checks weekly. A television campaign for apple crisp was able to increase its sales by 1500%. Loblaw held marketing events, a program bringing back past foods, drastically increased the amount of clothing in Joe Fresh Style, and they began a Home section. In almost 400 stores, they had a program that guaranteed certain items to always be available. Eighteen stores in Toronto had an event called ‘Back to Best’, in which they had chefs with recipe demonstrations, more meat, seafood, and produce, and they also added new signage and displays (Annual Report 2008, pp. 8 – 14) As the market became more competitive, Loblaw reached for more strategies to improve their company. In 2005 they introduced various lines, whereas in 2008 it was their strategy to focus on improving what they already had. Much of their ideas in 2005 were related to creating a new image, whereas in 2008 they brought back many ideas that were once in place decades ago, such as the slogan, past foods, and black and white packaging for the No Name brand. Still focused on low prices, innovation, quality, and the consumers, what they want is still the same, although between 2005 and 2008 they have used different strategies to meet this goal. Target Customers â€Å"Loblaw’s mission is to be Canada’s best food, health and home retailer by exceeding customer expectations through innovative products at great prices. To reach our goal, we must become a centralized, market-led organization with an unrelenting focus on our customers, our products and our stores†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Annual Report 2008, p. 3). Loblaw Companies does not specifically target an age or sex. Their target customer would involve individuals of all ages as well as those individuals with particular preference of product. Loblaw is a superstore full of products that appeal to every person and their needs. However, it may be appropriate to say that this company would not seek out approval of young children living at home, there is still advertising that is created to capture the attention of the young and in turn manipulate them into thinking that what Loblaw’s sell is the best choice for their guardians to supply for them. Although Loblaw sells the average product for the typical consumer, they also supply the general population with specialized products which draw people to their store. Some of these products may include: â€Å"Green Products† for those who are environmentally friendly, â€Å"Organic† products for those who prefer chemical free and naturally grown, â€Å"Blue Menu† products for those who are health food conscience or perhaps have health problems, and finally the standard â€Å"Club Pack† size for those who buy in bulk. Overall, Loblaw seeks out to target the general population and not one specific type of individual. Loblaw’s mission statement makes it obvious as to what their goals are, which ultimately always benefits the customer. Financial Situation Loblaw Companies Limited enjoyed a healthy year of operations back in 2005. Sales were $27 801 (all figures in millions unless otherwise stated) and operating expenses totaled to $26 400. There were two new operating expense items that were included in the 2005 figures. First, a Restructuring and Other Charges of $86 (Annual Report 2005, p. 47), after completion of detailed assessment of the Loblaw supply chain network, management approved a comprehensive plan to restructure its supply chain operations nationally. This plan is expected to reduce future operating costs, provide a smoother flow of products, better service levels to stores, and further enable the company to achieve its target operating efficiencies. Second, a proposed assessment of $40 from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) related to GST on certain products was made (Annual Report 2005, p. 48). Approximately $15 was settled in the fourth quarter, with the remainder representing management’s best estimate for potential liabilities. After interest and tax calculations, net earnings were a very respectable $746 or $2. 72 per share (Annual Report 2005, p. 38). Retained earnings increased in 2005 by $472 to $4 694. Loblaw also ended the year with a higher inventory than in previous years; this is in line with growth of sales. Loblaw engaged in corporate expansion during 2005. This reflects their increased fixed assets on their balance sheet for the year ended. Land, Building, Equipment and fixtures were primarily the assets that contributed to this growth. It should be noted Other Assets account decreased in value by a significant amount of $104 (Annual Report 2005, p. 39), most of the difference can be accounted for in the specific account labeled Franchise investments and other receivables. Loblaw Companies Limited continued their growth through 2008. With a sales figure of $30 802 (Annual Report 2008, p. 82), it is evident the management team is focused on their long term strategy of sustainability and continued growth. Loblaw is not a company to make drastic changes to their business plan and they focus on their customers and their shareholders when considering growth opportunities. They also do a tremendous job communicating their action plans in their annual reports and provide in-depth calculations through their use graphs and charts. This helps shareholders visualize Loblaw’s efforts as well as provide comparability. Growth between 2005 and 2008 was planned and consistent. Sales increased from $27 627 to $30 802 and operational costs from $26 226 to $29 756. Net earnings were respectable at $545 in 2008, lower than the 2005 figure of $746. This is because between these years Loblaw has taken on capital investment projects that required effected net earnings for the shareholder on a per share basis, including a loss of $219 in 2006 (Annual Report 2008, p. 82). Net earnings are continuing to rise in large increments from year to year. This truly indicates management at Loblaw is well established in their industry and are making calculated, well thought out investments as well increasing company value and recognition. After examining the five year summary, Working capital stood out the most. In 2005 working capital account was $210 but in 2008 the number increased significantly to $730 (Annual Report 2008, p. 82). It should be noted dividends have remained constant at 84 cents per share between 2005 and 2008. Total assets have increased during this time period, and net debt has decreased again indicating better business management. Only one figure seems to go against all the positives that the company has experienced. However, the market price had dropped from $56. 37 to $ 35. 23 which seems to be the only noticeable decline. (Annual Report 2008, pp. 82) (Loblaw Co. Ltd. Stock price over the past 5 years) Management and Human Resources Loblaw’s management board had remained quite consistent from 2005 to 2008. However, a couple of prominent changes occurred within this timeframe. In April 2008, three major positions occurred in Loblaw’s management board. These changes were implemented to benefit the company and eventually achieve greater success. A new President, a new Chief Merchandising Officer, and new Chief Financial Officer were appointed, Allan Leighton, Dalton Philips, and Robert Vaux respectively. (Loblaw Website, Management) These changes â€Å"†¦ streamlined [Loblaw’s] reporting structure and provided greater clarity and focus to roles and accountabilities throughout the Company† (Annual Report 2008, p. 5). The Human Resources Department is lead by Judy McCrie, who holds the position as Executive Vice President of Human Resources in the company. Employees are considered the ‘greatest resource’ to Loblaw. Loblaw continues to strengthen and expand its own in-store programs, including ‘The Leadership Means Business’ program and ‘The Store Managers’ Council’. These programs breed and encourage in-store leadership through the improvement of communication, leadership development, and training courses for store workers. The Leadership Means Business program focuses on â€Å"†¦ eading and engaging the men and women on the Company’s front line. † Loblaw looks to its in-store employees before looking elsewhere to hire for management positions. The Store Managers’ Council attends the Company’s management conferences every year, as senior management from many regions come together and give feedback and recommendations through consulting fellow employees. Many other off-site leadership programs are offered to store personnel that will â€Å"†¦ provide a common approach to leadership coaching, program execution and business development at the store level. † (Annual Report 2005, p. ) Ethical and Corporate Social Responsibility Practices In 2005, Loblaw Companies Limited was passionate about their social responsibilities, both ethical and corporate. They have a President’s Choice Children’s Charity, which (President’s Choice Children’s Charity) helped hundreds of disabled children in 2005. Loblaw also supports the Imagine Campaign, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Food Banks, and more. In addition to helping people, they do their best to preserve our environment through efforts in packaging, energy efficiency, environmental awareness, waste management, and management. An example of this is their use of refrigerators and lighting that are energy efficient, and they are partners with multiple agencies to have better conservation of energy. Loblaw trained and educated the staff on environmental risks. According to the company’s Code of Business Conduct, they hold â€Å"high standards of ethical conduct and business practices† (Annual Report 2005, p. 18). Loblaw has a committee to ensure this code is put into practice, and they are continually finding ways to make it better (Annual Report 2005, pp. 6-18) By 2008, Loblaw had adopted the five pillars to achieving ethical and corporate social responsibility. These are, â€Å"respect the environment, source with integrity, make a positive difference in our community, reflect our nation’s diversity, and be a great place to work† (Annual Report 2008, p. 17) During this year, they opened their first environment-friendly store, dramatically reduced the number of plastic bags used, and introduced seafood certified by the Marine Stewardship Council. Loblaw continued to have success in its President’s Choice Children’s Charity, where they also participated in KidFest. Post-secondary scholarships were given out to employees, and there was a decline in injuries. There are now surveys for employees which allows staff to give feedback on their job, manager, and the company (Annual Report 2008, pp. 16-19) Between 2005 and 2008, Loblaw has continued to expand on their efforts toward their ethical and corporate social responsibilities. They simplified and organized their goals with the five pillars, and as society becomes increasingly more aware about protecting the environment, this is reflected in the changes from 2005 to 2008. It is apparent that they are expanding on the ideas of going green, helping society, and satisfying employees. Recent Developments Recently in 2009 Loblaw Companies Limited has been on the news for several creative and initiation reasons. Reported in a press release in September 14th 2009, Loblaw â€Å"†¦is combing the country for recent graduates with a passion for food to join the Company's grad (at) Loblaw program. This national program provides recent graduates with the opportunity to kick-start their careers in a structured and supportive environment† (Yahoo Finance, September 14th). Loblaw based this initiative effort based on information from Statistic Canada, which indicate teenagers and young adults between the ages of 15 and 24 experienced an unemployment rate of 16. 8% during August 2009 (Yahoo Finance, September 14th). This is highest rate of unemployment for Canadians in that age bracket since the statistics have been kept starting in 1977. The program is 18 months in length, and during this time graduates will rotate through three areas of the company; in the first stage they will be for working at a store location for six months; second step is working with the merchandising operations department for another 6 months, then in the final stage for nine months the â€Å"†¦graduate was hired for at the onset of the program, such as store management, marketing, merchandising, supply chain, information technology, human resources or finance, where the graduates are able to apply the information and experience gained in the previous rotations† (Yahoo Finance, September 14th). In October 2009, Loblaw was named one of Canada’s Top 100 Employers. This prestigious recognition was granted for Loblaws â€Å"†¦efforts to attract and retain employees and create a great workplace environment. Loblaw is the only grocery retailer on the 2010 list†. Canada’s Top 100 Employers is an annual competition entering its 10th year. The competition determines which employers lead their industries in offering top work places for their employees, some of the criteria use during the evaluation process are; (1) Physical workplace, (2) Work and Atmosphere & Social, (3) Vacation & Time Off, (4) Performance (Canada’s Top 100 Employers) Management, (5)Training Skills & Development and a few others. (Yahoo Finance, October 9th). Recommendation and Conclusion Loblaw Companies Limited has received well deserved attention for their â€Å"Green† initiatives; this is a direct result of management’s effort to be perceived as a corporation that focuses on socially responsible causes. It would be very profitable for them in the long-term to maintain this. Loblaw has also been very success with the President’s Choice product’s advertisement campaign; they should definitely consider adding more product lines to their commercials. Loblaw carries a very diverse product mix, they organize their stores with many in store departments. They can reduce their costs for the short-term by opting against expansion on these. Loblaw identifies their most important resource as their employees, implementing new programs that enable them to grow their knowledge of products and company initiatives will make employees feel more connected to the Corporation and lead them to believe they have chosen the right place to work. Loblaw has grown in terms of their brand name and operational capabilities between 2005 and 2008. They are one of the leaders in their industry and continue to operate as a standard setter for customer satisfaction. A short trip to Loblaw will give any consumer the feeling that Loblaw operates very effectively and efficient, their employees are willing and able to meet customer questions and expectations and there is a sense of loyalty to the customers from management and employees. There is no doubt that Loblaw will continue its business well into the future and they will be looking to grow their business and further strengthen their influence in making the industry better as a whole.