Alcoholics Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcoholics - Dissertation Example They might smash a bar stool on your head, for example, which could cause a serious head injury. If you are a student, drinking alcohol can lead to serious academic problems. It is harder to study well when you are a hungover. Your grades are likely to decline and your classmates are likely to lose respect for you. You may even engage in risky sexual behaviour that might have long term consequences for you. The problem for students is that the temptations are everywhere. Campuses are full of bars and there is a real culture of binge drinking. It is important to be true to yourself and avoid situations that call for excessive drinking—for example, a keg stand party. We need to find out why people become alcoholics. If we can find a reason for this we can begin to solve the problem and treat people who have this serious problem. 3. Literature Review There are numerous books on this subject which can be of use. Among these books are Hedblom (2007) which provides a good overview o f the subject and how alcoholics recovery from the problem. Another useful book is O'Farrell (2006) which looks at how couples deal with alcoholism. These books, among others, can help put the issue in perspective and provide some real insight. A number of other useful sources on addictive personality are as follows: Engs, Ruth C. "The Addictive Process and Addictive Behaviors." Addictive Behaviors. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 March 2010 Mason, Stephen, Ph.D. Rev. of The Addictive Personality. Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. 4. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that alcoholism is a product of an addictive personality. Different types of personalities react differently to stimuli. We need to find out why people become alcoholics. We need to see if there is something about their personality that leads to them becoming alcoholic. This research will enlighten us. An operational definition that will asssist us in this matter is a definition of alcoholic. The definition we will be using is someon e who drinks five or more units of alcohol per day. 5. Research method I will begin with an examination of both primary and secondary research. Statistical information will be compiled by using libraries and the internet. The main source of findings will be participant observation. I will visit with alcoholics and observe their activities to determine if the hypothesis is correct. I will try not to be intrusive as I live side by side with the alcoholics and examine their behaviour and activities. I will also use some surveying and sampling. Sampling will be conducted through the collection of e-mail addresses from a rehabilitation centre and empirical surveys conducted via email. This will be an important tool of data collection. In conducting this research, the e-mail addresses will come from sources that are alcoholic. In addition, e-mail addresses will be obtained through a web page designed to attract people who have addictive personalities. These web addresses will be linked fr om various resources that will allow a link to the address. An ideal sample size of 100 respondents will be expected in order to conduct the research. This type of sampling is know as non-probability sampling. According to Trochim (2006), non-probability sampling describes the unlikely event that will occur when a sample is taken when there is not an equal possibility for all who are concerned to be chosen. Because of

Dark Romanticism In The Modern World

Dark Romanticism In The Modern World The label Dark Romanticism is used by people in different contexts to describe gothic novels from the 18th century as well as culture from todays society. Imagination and mystery are key features in the Dark Romanticism movement. The poem I heard a Fly buzz by Emily Dickinson utilizes both the imaginative and natural worlds true colors. Like Dickinson uses dark romanticism in her poems, modern day author J.K. Rowling uses ideologies of Dark Romanticism in her series Harry Potter. Harry Potter uses the imagination as a means to show the mysterious nature of leading to discoveries of the true evil in the world. Dark Romanticism authors use imagination to elevate our thinking. They use objects with little meaning and give it a whole image. The death in Emily Dickinsons poem I heard a Fly buzz is painless, yet the vision of death presents itself as gruesome. The appearance of an ordinary, insignificant fly at first merely startles and disconcerts us. But by the end of the poem, the fly has acquired dreadful meaning. Being imaginative gives the will to understand the meaning of the fly. The fly may be insignificant, but the use of being imaginative allows there to be deeper meaning. Dickinson uses the fly as a symbol within her poem: she describes the fly morel role before her death With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz, Between the light and me (Dickinson 1). The symbol of the fly is the last thing that comes between Dickinson and the light. The light representing heaven is in her path, but the fly passes right through. Dickinson develops the ideas of death with the use of the simple fly. The usage of the fly buzzing is very critical itself within the poem. If Dickinson were to use the symbol too much it would take away from the moment of focusing on death and cause people to think more about the fly. The flys buzz is in the text because it is something a person would under a normal situation ignore, but when you are dying you become more in touch with your senses. The sense of hearing is one of the five senses a person will loose as the process of dying comes closer. The tie in between death and the fly buzzing is one that must be looked at closely. The buzzing is not something that the average living person would notice, but under the particular circumstances, even the smallest of details become noticeable as one dies. As the voice in the poem is painting the picture the reader becomes more intoned to the idea of death through the use the figurative language and symbols, when the voice speaks about the mourners who have gathered, the sound of a fly buzzing and the clos ing of the window. The mourners watching, eyes beside had wrung them dry (Dickinson 1). Within the poem Dickinson uses figurative language to her full advantage. She uses figurative language to assist her in painting the picture of there being a sad moment in time letting the reader use his or her imaginative ways. The usage of the past tense when setting the scene where all the people were standing around grieving was done excellent through the choice of words. When using the word wrung it helps to suggest that the grieving is over for now. The idea of a window being closed is very symbolic in this poem of a persons life coming to an end. When the window shuts it cuts off all the light to the persons eyes, and therefore the idea of death is being used. The window in this case may very well not even be a glass window a person would look out, yet instead the lid to the coffin this individual is lying in. Being imaginative is the only way for one to find the deeper meaning behind all the images Emily Dickinson uses. Without being imaginative there is no meaning to the poem at all. I heard a fly buzz shows the natural worlds true colors. Emily Dickinson writes to the reader about what the world holds in her poem. She reveals how the world should be seen. The room is silent except I heard a fly buzz when I died; The stillness round my form Was like the stillness in the air Between the heaves of storm (Dickinson 1). There is a moment of expectation. There is stillness in the air, and the watchers of her dying are silent. And still the only sound is the flys buzzing. The speakers tone is calm; her narrative is factual. The I heard a Fly buzz poem is a solemn nature, talking about the last moments of ones life and the simple things that may be seen in the last of memories. It first talks of change in ones perception, the stillness, comparing it to the calm in the eye of the storm. Life is so busy that one rarely has the time or the want to listen to the small things. Her life is slowly coming to an end And breaths were gathering sure or that last onset, when the ki ng Be witnessed in his power (Dickinson 1). Her breathing indicates that the last onset, or death, is about to happen. The last onset is an oxymoron; onset means a beginning and last means an end. For Christians in the world, death is the beginning of the eternal life. Death brings revelation when God or the nature of eternity becomes known. This is why the king may be God, Christ, or death. The thought and description of the last moments of life and the changes that take place in ones perception are true in the real world. Without them there would be no free thinking or the truth in the world would be unseen. The natural worlds true colors need to be reveled in order for there to be life. The world in the series Harry Potter is dark and mysterious. Harry Potters world is filled with mystery in both the muggle world and wizarding world. When Harry was just a baby his parents were killed by Lord Voldemort, the evil dark wizard who plans to take over the wizarding world. With no parents, Harry is sent to the muggle world consisting of non-magical things. Harry Potter is a miserable, lonely boy. Hes shunned by his relatives, the Dursleys, that have raised him since he was an infant. He is forced to live in the cupboard under the stairs, forced to wear his cousin Dudleys hand-me-down clothes, and forced to go to his neighbors house when the rest of the family is doing something fun. Harry is treated like a slave by his Aunt Petunia ordering him to look after the bacon. And dont let it burn, I want everything to be perfect on Duddys birthday (Rowling 19). His life is full of misery. Harrys life has been filled of dark, mysterious things. As Harry enters the wizarding world he learns the history of Voldemort. Voldemort sets out to destroy Harry and take over the world. As Dumbledore tells Harry Voldemort himself created his worst enemy, just as tyrants everywhere do! Have you any idea how much tyrants fear the people they oppress? All of them realize that, one day, amongst their many victims, there is sure to be one who rises against them and strikes back! (Rowling 510). Voldemort may be the dark force, but he does have a fear of defeat. Voldemorts defeat happens at Hogwarts. Hogwarts is the stronghold of the series. The most defining aspects of the school are the magic that fills and surrounds it. It is by far one of the most mystical and fantastical geographic locations in the book. Hogwarts is a mystery itself, full of ghosts, hidden chambers, and secret passages. Hogwarts sometimes takes on a life of its own, when it produces the Room of Requirement, or moves entrances and exits at its will. Although most of the seventh book takes places outside th e school, it is here that the final battle between Harry and Lord Voldemort takes places. The climax of the series, in its entirety, returns to the only home Harry has ever known as well as Voldermort. At Hogwarts, Harry finally defeats Lord Voldemort in a dramatic wizarding duel that results with the demise of the Dark Lord. The Dark Lord that has caused all the terror in the wizarding world is finally gone. To create the world of Harry Potter, imagination plays a big role. Rowling is responsible for creating some of the most mind-blowing elements of fantasy found in literature. One of the most enchanting aspects of the novels is the wide variety of magical places that Rowling visits with her readers as we follow Harry Potter on his journey to leave the muggle world behind and grow up in the wizarding world. Starting in London, Rowling places Harry at Charing Cross Road, an actual street in London that runs north from Trafalgar Square to St. Giles Circus. In the first novel, Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone, Hagrid and Harry travel to this particular street to reach the Leaky Cauldron, a pub and inn that is in between a large book store and record shop. At first glance, the building appears to be relatively normal. As J.K. Rowling states in the first novel Harry had the most peculiar feeling that only he and Hagrid could see it (Rowling 68). It has food and drinks and rooms that over look Charing Cross Road. Everything a person might expect to find at a normal inn with the exception that the building is invisible to a large portion of those people, specifically muggles. Imperceptible to non-magical individuals, the Leaky Cauldron serves as a magical portal that links the muggle world to the magical one. It is here, at the Leaky Caldron, that Harry Potter gets his first taste of celebrity. Exiting the Leaky Cauldron, Hagrid and Harry find themselves at a brick wall that when tapped on opens to Diagon Alley. Diagon Alley, a magical street of the wizarding world, is hidden within London that can be accessed off of Charing Cross Road, as well as through the Floo Network and Apparition. The journey continues at Kings Cross Station in London. Harry searches amongst the muggles for Platform 9 3/4 and the train that will depart from it. Inquiring as to where he might find this train that is scheduled for departure, Harry is informed by a guard there wasnt one (Rowling 9 1), thereby leaving the tracks available for magical use and, once again, revealing Rowlings transposition of the magical and muggle worlds. Harrys journey to enrollment is finished when he finally arrives at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. To muggles, the institution appears to be a moldering old ruin with a sign over the entrance warning visitors to stay out. Without imagination this serious would be incomplete. Imagination is the center for it all. Rowling uses her imagination to open up a whole new world for the reader. The world is unrealistic, but that is what makes the series Harry Potter open up and take a persons imagination to new heights. Dickinson and Rowling are from different time periods, but their ideologies are the same. Both are wrapped up in the Dark Romanticism movement. Rowling uses principles of Dark Romanticism, like imagination and showing how the world is dark and mysterious, today just as Dickinson used back in 1830. J.K. Rowlings series Harry Potter creates an everlasting belief in a world that is not normal and usual. The mind and imagination is explored to the highest of levels which excites and thrills. For that brief period in time, there is true belief in the unreal and impossible. Without Dark Romanticism or authors like Dickinson, there may never have been Harry Potter.

Short Summary and Quote Analysis in To Kill a Mockingbird :: essays research papers

Scout Finch, the youngest child of Atticus Finch, narrates the story. It is summer and her cousin Dill and brother Jem are her companions and playmates. They play all summer long until Dill has to go back home to Maridian and Scout and her brother start school. The Atticus’ maid, a black woman by the name of Calpurnia, is like a mother to the children. While playing, Scout and Jem discover small trinkets in a knothole in an old oak tree on the Radley property. Summer rolls around again and Dill comes back to visit. A sence of discrimination develops towards the Radley’s because of their race. Scout forms a friendship with her neighbor Miss Maudie, whose house is later burnt down. She tells Scout to respect Boo Radley and treat him like a person. Treasures keep appearing in the knothole until it is filled with cement to prevent decay. As winter comes it snows for the first time in a century. Boo gives scout a blanket and she finally understands her father’s and M iss Maudie’s point of view and treats him respectfully. Scout and Jem receive air guns for Christmas, and promise Atticus never to shoot a mockingbird, for they are peaceful and don’t deserve to die in that manner. Atticus then takes a case defending a black man accused of rape. He knows that such a case will bring trouble for his family but he takes it anyways. This is the sense of courage he tries to instill in his son Jem. Atticus defines courage to Jem. "I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what" (112). A man with a gun, in his eyes, is not a man, but a coward. It takes little character to point a gun and pull a trigger, but it takes mountains of courage to accept a challenge in which you are already defeated. Nothing to do but reverse fate, overturn the thoughts and predictions which stands looking down with a grin upon its face. This feat maybe impossible, but not totally forsaken, for courage prevails over cowardice. Courage, bravery, selflessness, all attributes necessary for winners to possess. Short Summary and Quote Analysis in To Kill a Mockingbird :: essays research papers Scout Finch, the youngest child of Atticus Finch, narrates the story. It is summer and her cousin Dill and brother Jem are her companions and playmates. They play all summer long until Dill has to go back home to Maridian and Scout and her brother start school. The Atticus’ maid, a black woman by the name of Calpurnia, is like a mother to the children. While playing, Scout and Jem discover small trinkets in a knothole in an old oak tree on the Radley property. Summer rolls around again and Dill comes back to visit. A sence of discrimination develops towards the Radley’s because of their race. Scout forms a friendship with her neighbor Miss Maudie, whose house is later burnt down. She tells Scout to respect Boo Radley and treat him like a person. Treasures keep appearing in the knothole until it is filled with cement to prevent decay. As winter comes it snows for the first time in a century. Boo gives scout a blanket and she finally understands her father’s and M iss Maudie’s point of view and treats him respectfully. Scout and Jem receive air guns for Christmas, and promise Atticus never to shoot a mockingbird, for they are peaceful and don’t deserve to die in that manner. Atticus then takes a case defending a black man accused of rape. He knows that such a case will bring trouble for his family but he takes it anyways. This is the sense of courage he tries to instill in his son Jem. Atticus defines courage to Jem. "I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what" (112). A man with a gun, in his eyes, is not a man, but a coward. It takes little character to point a gun and pull a trigger, but it takes mountains of courage to accept a challenge in which you are already defeated. Nothing to do but reverse fate, overturn the thoughts and predictions which stands looking down with a grin upon its face. This feat maybe impossible, but not totally forsaken, for courage prevails over cowardice. Courage, bravery, selflessness, all attributes necessary for winners to possess.

A Man for All Seasons (Friend or Foe) Essay

In the book, A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt there are a few people that can’t be trusted by Sir Thomas More, the main character in the book. Richard Rich is definitely one of those men who can’t be trusted and along with Thomas Cromwell the two destroy More’s life slowly but surely and to the point of death. In the end of the book More is executed for high treason and his family goes from being very well off to having to start over. So this book shows that through deceitfulness of two, one can fall. There are two main reasons that Rich would be considered a â€Å"Foe† and those are his weak moral character and his devalue of More’s friendship. These are reasons to make someone a â€Å"Foe† because if a person doesn’t hold true to their morals then they are easily persuaded and if a person had the friendship of More then they would be idiots not to keep that friendship and respect. In the following paragraphs I will give examples from the book of these reasons. One reason why Rich is a â€Å"Foe† is because his moral character isn’t very strong and throughout the book there are many times where it is shown that Rich doesn’t have a strong moral character, for example: Rich: But every man has his price? More: No-no-no- Rich: But yes! In money too. More: No no no Rich: Or pleasure. Titles, woman, bricks-and-mortar, there’s always something. More: Childish. In this quote (pg.4) it shows that Rich can be bought and he is trying to tell More that this is normal because everyone â€Å"has his price†. However, More, being the kind and charitable man he is, tries to explain that being able to be bought is not normal and it is a moral weakness in someone’s character and tries to help him get a job as a teacher where there is no temptation of bribery. Another example of how Rich’s moral character is weak  is when he is talking to Cromwell and Cromwell tells him that he is to become Secretary to the Council, which he asks Rich not tell anyone about it. However when Cromwell repeats the question over and over, Rich, finally, says he would but it would depend on the bribe. The quote is as follows (pg.71-72): Cromwell: No ceremony, no courtship. Be seated. As his majesty would say. Yes; see how I trust you. Rich: Oh, I would never repeat or report a thing like that- Cromwell: What kind of thing would you repeat or report? Rich: Well, nothing said in friendship-may I say â€Å"friendship†? Cromwell: If you like. D’you believe that-that you would never repeat or report anything et cetera? Rich: Yes! Cromwell: No, but seriously. Rich: Why, yes! Cromwell: Rich; seriously Rich: It would depend what I was offered. In the beginning of the book More trusts Rich as a friend and he helps to get Rich a job as a librarian for the Duke of Norfolk, however, Rich stabs More in the back by joining Cromwell, who dislikes More very much and wants to see his demise. For instance in this quote he gives away information about a goblet given to More from a litigant that he was given by More who gave it to him in secret because he didn’t want to be bribed because he thought this was wrong. The quote is as follows (pg.75-76): Cromwell: Just so. This goblet that he gave you, how much was it worth? Come along, Rich, he gave you a silver goblet. How much did you get for it? Rich: Fifty shillings Cromwell: Could you take me to that shop? Rich: Yes Cromwell: Where did he get it? It was a gift from a litigant, a woman, wasn’t it? Rich: Yes Cromwell: Which court? Chancery? No, don’t get drunk. In which court was this litigant’s case? Rich: Court of Requests Cromwell: There, that wasn’t too painful, was it? Rich: No! Another example of how Rich devalues Mores friendship is when he is confronted about it and denies it. This happens when Cromwell confronts Rich about his friendship with More and he denies and when Cromwell says that More got him a job he devalues that by saying that More only recommended him to the Duke even though Rich couldn’t have gotten the job himself. This also shows that Rich doesn’t hold to his views under pressure, which makes easily changed. The quote is as follows (pg.36-37): Cromwell: †¦.There you are in a comparative backwater-yet the new Lord Chancellor’s an old friend of yours. Rich: He isn’t really my friend†¦ Cromwell: Oh, I thought he was. Rich: In a sense he is. Cromwell: Well, I always understood that he set you up in life. Rich: He recommended me to the Duke. In conclusion Sir Thomas More can’t trust Richard Rich because of his morally weak character, he devalues More’s friendship and he cracks under pressure. More also can’t trust Cromwell and when Cromwell and Rich are united they are dangerous even to though the smartest of men which More is one. I believe that Rich by himself would not be considered as dangerous as Cromwell, however, that is just my opinion. Robert Bolt’s A Man for All Seasons Robert Bolt’s A Man for All Seasons is a provoking historical drama. Thomas More, who is considered to be an honest man, is entangled in the politics of the day and having to decide between his own welfare and his personal conscience. Thomas is an absolute saint of the church, but now he had to choose between two different kinds of loyalty. The theme seems to be recurring, regardless of the age or setting. In fact, it is the Common Man who reminds the audience â€Å"The 16th century is the century of the common man.  Like all the other centuries.† By performing different characters with same personalities, â€Å"Common Man† enabled the audience to understand the complexities of More’s character in the way of juxtaposition. The Common Man in the play is actually an alienation device, which was first invented by Bertolt Brecht. Here, the Common Man is an effective device to maintain interest, interpret the action and convey the themes. He just like the Chorus in ancient Greek drama, whose role was to review the action, explores motivations and issues, foretell what might happen and explore any consequences. Both the Common Man and the Chorus relate the play to audience’s everyday life and their frame of reference in modern society. He is the linkage between the audiences and the stage. Just like how he is called, the Common Man, has all the characteristics ordinary people does. He has ordinary morals, ordinary doubts and ordinary concerns, which means he is always ready to compromise, distrustful of martyrdom and plays things low. He is the â€Å"Old Adam†, he is â€Å"us all†. Thomas More, who is the Chancellor of England during Henry 8th, is just the opposite of Common Man. At that time, Henry and his wife Catherine had been unable to birth a boy to be the heir of England, so Henry wanted to divorce with her and marry Anne Boleyn, but cannot get permission from the Pope. Henry tried very hard to get help from Thomas More because he is known to be an honest man and had very good reputation across the whole Europe. Henry pointed out extremely clearly that â€Å"Because you are honest. What’s more to the purpose, you’re known to be honest.† However, More is a strong principled man who held his belief firmly, he was loyal to the Church, at the same time, as the Chancellor of England, he cannot be disloyal to the King. Cardinal Wolsey, the former Chancellor, was executed for unable to help the King with the divorce. In order to keep himself and his family safe, Thomas More decided to keep silent and seek protection from the laws. If More’s â€Å"self† is unchangeable, the Common Man’s weakness is in his readiness to adapt and change into almost anything as a means to survive. Compared with the Common Man, the characteristic of honest of Thomas More is clearly observed. In Act One, More offered Rich a silver goblet, and spoke  frankly and bluntly that the goblet was a bribe from a woman who had a case at the court. More can certainly not say so, but he didn’t. When the King came to his house to talk about the divorce, the King pointed out directly that â€Å"Because you are honest. What’s more to the purpose, you’re known to be honest.† But when it comes to the Common Man, it all turned to be upside down. Matthew stole the wine of Thomas More, but lied about it; In order to protect himself, the Publican denied stoutly about knowing who Cromwell was; Jailer chose not to report Sir Thomas More’s statements for his own safe. The Common Man lies to survive, he holds his belief on self preservation, he is not a great man, he cannot affect the decisions of the Parliament, and he is only a common man, a man do whatever it take s to survive. More is also very loyal, to both the King and the Church. He didn’t want to betray either side, so he chose to be silent. He is a liberal thinker and a man of integrity. Even he didn’t want to swear to the Act, and resigned from his office, but he still concerned for the country. He warned Norfolk about threaten from the old Church and asked him to â€Å"keep an eye on the Border†. However, the Common Man doesn’t have this good quality. Matthew, a person who should be loyal to his master, Sir Thomas More, offered information about him to Cromwell, Rich and Chapuys for money. He became one of the sources of Cromwell; he sold his soul out and turned into an accomplice who sent More to death. When Sir Thomas More resigned from the position, he had to cut down Matthew’s wage, and without hesitate, Matthew left him and went to be the servant of Rich Richard. These two men’s acts are so different that we can see Thomas More’s characteristics of loyal clearly. Sir Thomas More is a man of principle as well. He held his belief in God so strong that nothing can bend it. He is a son of the Church. When Roper proposed to More that he wanted to marry his daughter, he refused for Roper was an heretic. More knew that Roper was a good young man and admired him a lot, but he still said no for his principles. Roper married Margaret as soon as he turned back to the Church. In order to uphold the principles, he insisted not signing on the Act, even he is threatened by death. But the Common Man changes the principles according to convenient. At first, the boatman tries to bilk More for more money, but eventually, after More is  dangerous to get close to, he even refused to take him home. Whether it is the Steward, the Boatman, the Publican or the Jailer, each persona is full of self-interest and simple pragmatism. â€Å"It isn’t difficult to keep alive, friends . . . just don’t make trouble, or if you must make trouble, make the sort of trouble that’s expected.† The metaphor of water appeared many times in the play. Water is flowing and changeable. The succession of characters the Common Man portrays provides an image of that fluidity. When people are aligned with the Common Man, they can find it difficult to comprehend Thomas More. For he got so many opportunities to save his life and reunite with his families. It’s hard to understand his martyrdom and strong belief in the law. In the contrast, Common Man knows the time and precisely when the stakes are too high, †If it’s worth that much now, it’s worth my neck presently. I want no part of it. They can sort it out between them. I feel my deafness coming on.† More also has an understanding of them, even when they steal his wine. â€Å"Matthew, I shall miss you.† While the play centre on More’s choice to die rather than sign over his name on the Act, it’s easy to determine how More’s characteristics are presented to the audience. If More is defined with his words, â€Å"a man’s soul is his self†, then the Common Man may best be defined by his philosophy, â€Å"better a live rat than a dead lion†. Even at times the Common Man is dishonest, manipulating, unscrupulous and disloyal; he is a master of living in the society. He changes his values easily like the water bounce back when hit on the bank. Thomas More held his unchangeable principles The alienation device has challenged our perspectives and left us with much to ponder. Ultimately, it is not only how we, the audience, perceive the Common Man or even how he sees himself. Most importantly, it is the understanding that those in power have of the Common Man and his motives, ideals and aspirations. ACT 1, SCENE 1 Conversation between Thomas More and Richard Rich. RICH: Well there! ‘A friend of Sir Thomas and still no office? There must be something wrong with him.’ MORE: I thought we said friendship†¦The Dean of St Paul’s offers you a post; with a house, a servant and fifty pounds a year. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. RICH: It’s hard. MORE (grimly): Be a teacher. This conversation, as well as the previous one, sets up the contrast between Sir Thomas More and Richard Rich which is prevalent throughout the entire play. In this opening scene, Rich and More argue over whether or not anyone can be bought. While Rich believes â€Å"every man has his price†, More refuses to agree with the notion that everybody could succumb to the temptations of status, power, wealth and women, or the notion of suffering. Rich means to say that men want to avoid suffering and are therefore attracted to the possibility of escape, and More instantly recognises this idea as one of Machaevelli’s. As Machaevelli is historically understood to have written on the government, and how putting political appropriateness above ethical issues and morality was the sensible approach to be taken in aquiring status, Rich’s corruptibility and the suppression of his conscience is foreshadowed in that Machaevelli’s theories both interest and attract him. More warns Rich of the temptation involved in aquiring a high-ranking job, and offers him an Italian silver cup. The silver cup symbolises More’s attempt to test and teach Rich, and is significant throughout the play as it represents the commencement of Rich’s corruptibilty, which eventually escalates into much more evil and immoral actions later on. The cup also represents the differences in principles and morailty between More and Rich. While More’s principles don’t allow him to keep such a â€Å"contaminated† object, Rich jumps at the chance of receiving something so valuable for free. In between this opening conversation with More and the next important step in Rich’s complete loss of innocence, and More’s own demise, a number of changes occur in character relationships. Rich and Cromwell’s relationship becomes closer and more valuable. More recognises this and assumes Rich no  longer requires More’s assistance in aquiring employment. Rich objects to this, claiming he would rather work with More than Cromwell, however More again refuses Rich a job as he is certain Rich is untrustworthy and to an extent, dangerous. This is obvious in that while More points out to Norfolk that Rich is in search of employment, he does not â€Å"recommend† him. Matthew (More’s servant and one representation of the common man), also predicts that Rich will amount to nothing, but as we see later on, Rich’s deception and lack of morality and principles ultimately, and ironically, gets him everything he ever wanted. More talks to Cardinal Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor, who tries to convince him to approve of King Henry’s divorce, but More believes the divorce is unacceptable without the Pope’s consent. Despite Wolsey’s warnings of consequences associated with disapproval, More refuses to set aside his beliefs and conform, giving a clear insight into his belief in staying true to ones self and not conforming to something you don’t agree with out of fear. This persona of More foreshadows his stance on events that come later in the play. More also refuses to allow Roper to marry his daughter Margaret due to Roper’s dynamic religious beliefs, labelling him a heretic, and disapproving of his inability to stay true to the English Church. Rich becomes Norfolk’s secretary and librarian, and Cromwell undermines him for this. Rich admits he isn’t really friends with More anymore, which explains why he hasn’t yet aquired a better job. However, when Cromwell offers him employment he declines, showing that he isn’t ready to become a walking representation of Machaevelli’s theories yet, but later bribes Matthew for information on More which undermines his morality once again. Chapuys and Cromwell also bribe Matthew for information, which shows how most of the characters are immoral (especially contrasted to More) and highlights the difficulty More will face in his newly appointed position as Lord Chancellor. After deceiving More, Rich attempts to convince More to give him a job once again by telling him of Chapuys and Cromwells bribery towards Matthew. More refuses again and Rich’s violent behaviour and badgering spark fright in More’s family, who try to convice More to have Rich arrested. More believes the idea of this is infallible because Rich has not broken the law. King Henry visits More personally in an attempt to receive his approval, as the approval of a man with such an honest and moral reputation would be sure to make the King  feel moral as well. However More is unable to discard his conscience, telling the King: â€Å"This is my right arm. Take your dagger and saw it from my shoulder, and I will laugh and be thankful, if by that means I can come with Your Grace with a clear conscience†. Once again he is portrayed as a man of irrefutable morality, in that he won’t approve of something he believes is wrong by the law, or unacceptable by God. CROMWELL: †¦Well, congratulations! †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. RICH: †¦.You enjoyed it! In this Dialogue between Rich and Cromwell at The Loyal Subject, Cromwell bribes Rich with the position of â€Å"Collector of Revenues for York† in return for information. Rich is subtly coerced into admitting he will be bought, which pleases Cromwell in that he was relying on Rich’s corruptibility for information on More. Cromwell seeks Rich’s help in making the King’s divorce â€Å"convenient†, and despite Rich’s â€Å"laments† over his own corruptibility, he informs Cromwell of the bribe More once received. Cromwell believes More will change his stance on the King’s divorce, but Rich objects, saying More will not be easily frightened. While Rich represents how one can sacrifice their own moral conscience in the face of gain, Cromwell appears to have nothing to gain, which makes him appear more evil in that he is trying to bring More down for the sake of it. Guilt is a recurring theme throughout the play, and is strongly exemplified in this extract as despite Rich’s own guilt, he easily succumbs to the temptation Cromwell offers to him, revealing his pathetic character traits which were first brought to light in the opening scene. Between Rich’s ultimate betrayal of More, and complete transformation to a representative of Machaevelli’s theories, several events occur. Act two opens, which is two years later than the previous Act. The Act of Supremacy has been passed, which states that King Henry VIII is now the head of the Church of England. Staying true to his religious beliefs, More is unable to continue in his position as Lord Chancellor due to his belief that the King is attacking the Church of England. His disapproval of the King’s actions  force him to resign in order to keep his moral conscience, as he can’t be so closely connected to someone he sees as having no conscience, let alone work for them. Cromwell intends to use the information he gained from Rich in order to blackmail More into recognising the King as the head of the English Church, and consenting to the King’s divorce. The next time we see Rich is when Cromwell questions More about his stance on the issues regarding the King, and Rich notes what it said. However, while the knowledge that the King isn’t pleased with More’s actions, and the many attempts from everyone (even his family) to make him sign the Act of Succession unsettle More, he will not sacrifice his self for anything. More takes notice of Rich’s fancy clothes, which represent Rich’s gradual rise through position and status in society. It is now clear that the contrast in Rich’s and More’s ascent and descent are simultaneous with Rich’s lack of regard concerning moral principles, and More’s refusal to ignore his moral principles and conscience. More is eventually taken to prison for refusing to agree to The Act of Succession, which deems the King’s first marriage (to Catherine) invalid, while confirming that Queen Anne’s children are the heirs to the throne. More feels he will be condemned to hell if he is to approve, and while his death has been forshadowed, the play argues that his sacrifice of life is nothing compared to the other characters who sacrifice themselves and their consciences. As More’s family comes to the Tower of London to see him, his love for them is highlighted, while his absolute love for God is further highlighted in that he is willing to sacrifice a happy life with his family who he loves so much in order to serve God, and protect what he believes to be right. CROMWELL (backs away. His face stiff with malevolence): My lords, I wish to call (raise voice) Sir Richard Rich! †¦.. NORFOLK: Prisoner at the bar, you have been found guilty on the charge of High Treason. The sentence of the court is that you shall be taken from the Court to the Tower, thence to the place of execution, and there your head shall be stricken from your body, and may God have mercy on your soul! Prior to this extract (during More’s trial in which he is being charged with high treason), Cromwell attempts to convince the jury that More’s silence  regarding the King can be interpreted as nothing but disapproval. More once again refuses to take the Act of Succession, as he sees taking the oath as lying to God, which would be sacrificing his self. Rich is called to the stand, and claims he heard More say â€Å"Parliament has not the competence† to declare Henry VIII the head of the Church of England. More denies this, and tells the court there were two other people present during the conversation with Rich, but Cromwell undercuts this by saying they could not be at the trial and heard nothing anyway. Ultimately, More’s attempts to teach Rich were futile and unsuccessful, as Rich’s actions directly led to More’s death. When More realises his fate, he publicly denounces the Act of Supremacy and while he considers himself loyal to King Henry, he understands his premature death is because he refused to recognise the King’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. More also realises Rich has a new chain of office, and mildly scolds him: â€Å"Why Richard, it profits a man nothing to give his soul for the whole world†¦but for Wales?†. Rich’s transformation to everything More ever despised is completed with his perjury. Ironically, More’s own refusal to perjure himself led to his death, while Rich’s willingness led to his financial and social prosperity. A Man for all seasons In Robert Bolt’s, â€Å"A man for all seasons†, Sir Thomas More did not die in vain. He stayed true to himself. More achieved more in the end because he didn’t let death worry him. His last words illustrate this â€Å"His will not refuse one who is so blithe to go† (pg. 99). More understood that he was in line with his beliefs. More fought for what he believed in and refused to be molded into something that he wasn’t. He knew that by dying, he would be proving a point to the public and let it be known that Cromwell had set him up. By More dying, he proved a point to himself and the public. That he was honorable and not going to succumb to the deceitful thinking of Cromwell and the King. â€Å"I have not disobeyed my sovereign. I truly believe no man in England is safer than myself.† (pg. 40) This clearly demonstrates the fact that More knew what he was on about and wasn’t going to go against his  beliefs for the sake of living. More strongly believed in the church and the Head of the Church, the Pope. He sustained in doing what you feel right in your heart, not what people tell you. More knew that if he stayed alive, it would have been sufferable, living in jail for the rest of his life, no job and little sight of family. He did what he thought was right. â€Å" I do no harm, I say none harm, I think none harm. And if this be not enough to keep a man alive, in good faith I long not to live†(pg. 97) When More died it sent a message to the public that the Kin was wrong in what he was doing. As More died in front of a lot of people, it certainly showed to the public that it was honorable and he put his point across in the clear way. â€Å"†¦.but because I would not bend to the marriage† (pg. 78) More is simply stating that he wouldn’t agree with the King for the clear intention of staying alive. More knew that Cromwell had set he up, yet had no way of proving it and knew that no-one would believe him. Cromwell was hunting More for his beliefs not actions. People’s greed justified that they could go after More in order to get what they wanted. An example of this Machiavellian principle is Richard Rich. He helped to kill More, he even lied under oath, all it get what he wanted. As More said to Cromwell, â€Å"In matters of conscience, the loyal subject is more bounden to be loyal to his conscience than to any other thing.† (pg. 92) This suggests that More believed in what he was saying and it didn’t matter what Cromwell was saying, More simply dismissed it. More died for the fact that he would not succumb to the beliefs of the public and the monarchy. He stayed true to himself and this is the most important factor in life. If you are denying yourself to order to get something or somewhere, you are cheating yourself. A man for all seasons A Man for All Seasons is the story of a man who knows who he is, expressing courage and faithfulness at all costs. In addition, every character has their own ends to meet, and the only distinguishable feature between them is  how they go about it. Some characters disregard all sense of morality as they plunge into an approach, which primarily encompasses self-interest. In all, most of the characters in the movie personify selfishness in one way or another. Of course there are some whose selfishness is more noticeable than others; however, at some point they are all deficient in their consideration of others and live chiefly for personal profit. All except for one, Sir Thomas More he is a man who subconsciously is a slave to his own conscience. He executes selfless acts in order to do what he knows is legal, and what he thinks is right. He is one of very few people who have died with their integrity intact. Every other character sold themselves out to the king. To be honest, I think I would have sold myself out to the king to, if the consequence was to be beheaded if I did not. That is why I envy Sir Thomas because of his individualism, ethics, and courage he had during his stand against the King. Sir Thomas More was a character who was faced with a number of difficult choices. The major one being, when Henry VIII’s first wife was unable to produce an heir to the throne, he used that as an excuse for the pope to grant him a divorce, so he could marry a new wife. The King is backed by everyone on this request except the highly regarded and religious Sir Thomas More. When the old Chancellor of England, named More his successor, it became important for Henry to get More’s support, but More could not be swayed. He made his decision to oppose the marriage early on, but even though it was something he did not waver from, he still had trouble with it. More made a very difficult decision in opposing the King and his family, but regardless of the consequences, he felt that he was morally correct and for him to choose any other path would have been impossible for he could not oppose the church and God. I think Alice’s and his daughter Margaret’s complaints probably had the most impact with More because he cared very deeply about his family and probably would have caved in to the King, if he had he not felt he was correct in his decision and there was no other alternative. Honestly, I think everyone should have moral values of some kind, but I do not know about having such strong morals that a person is willing to give up their life and family to stand for what they believe in. Above all, Thomas More did what he did because his ultimate goal was to be with God. Consequently, he felt he had to do what God wanted and not what his king wanted him to do. In addition, having an attitude like that did  put a damper on his relationship with his wife. I think they loved each other very much, but she did not feel entirely appreciated by him. It was evident that Thomas’s formidable intelligence intimidated her and she felt inferior to him. That was probably common in that day and time because women of that era rarely were educated, whereas the men were. In the end, their love for one another was evident in the scene up in Tower of London. Both of them getting teary eyed, knowing they will never get to see each other ever again. Even after that scene Thomas felt he was making the right decision because he was able to explain why he made the decision to go against the King. Chiefly, no one supported More’s decision not even his own family, but More’s family did support him. Especially his wife Alice she knew her husband better than any other human being. Therefore, when she finds herself at her limit in comprehending why her husband would take such a stand against the king, it bothers Thomas More. Mostly because she is his anchor in life and he needs her support, and needs her to understand why he is doing what he is doing. In the end, I think she understands why Thomas did what he did and the human risk of taking a principled stand against power. On the other hand, everyone else decided they were going to support King Henry VIII or be two faced about his moral standards. A great example of this was with the character, Oliver Cromwell, he represented the basic evilness of the film and threaten to have More executed for not acquiescing to the marriage. All he ever did was try and make the king happy. For instance, he said, â€Å"When the King wants something done, I do it†. I think Cromwell said this because he did not want his head to be cut off; therefore, all he did was kiss up to the king. In the end, it did not help him because he was tried and found guilty of treason. One character that did not get tried for treason was Richard Rich. He was one of the characters that betrayed Sir Thomas More. Throughout the film it was obvious to the viewer Richard Rich only cared about himself. By far, his worse act of selfishness was when he lied and sold out Thomas More for he could become Attorney General of Wales. As a result, I think Rich was a piece of scum for doing such acts of treachery to an old friend. I also believe Thomas More thought so because he said, â€Å"Richard, it profits a man nothing to trade his soul for the whole world, but for Wales†. I thought that was a tremendous slap in the face to Richard. Another character that betrayed Thomas More  after being his friend was the Duke of Norfolk, he foolishly badgered More to relent and join the King’s supporters. Obviously he did not realizing the depth of More’s integrity. Consequently, Norfolk conducted the trial for High Treason against his former friend, never aware that More had eased his passage from trusted friend to state enemy by purposely offending him. Above all, that is why I envy Sir Thomas More because of his individualism, ethics, and courage he had throughout his stand against King Henry VIII. It would have been hard for a person to purposely make an enemy out of a good friend. Even when you know it is for their own good. I do not think it would be possible for me to do that, which is why I envy Thomas. Aside from envying him I did not agree with what he did. In my eyes, putting his morals before his family was wrong of him. There had to have been other ways to voice your opinion back in that era without losing your head. I feel Sir Thomas More caused great suffering to his family that was unnecessary. In conclusion, I think you made us watch the movie for that particular reason. To show us how diverse each person’s attitude is towards their higher power. Now days in America, people are permitted to voice their opinion, and we take it for granted not realizing what a privilege it is to be able to speak out with no consequences.

The Visit (play) by Friedrich Dürrenmatt

The story opens with the town of Guellen (which literally means â€Å"excrement†) preparing for the arrival of famed millionairess Claire Zachanassian. The town is in a state of disrepair, and the residents are suffering considerable hardship and poverty. They hope that Claire, a native of the small town, will provide them with much-needed funds. Alfred Ill, the owner of Guellen's general store and the most popular man in town, was Claire's lover when they were young, and agrees with the Mayor that the task of convincing her to make a donation should fall to him.As the town gathers at the railway station to prepare for Claire's arrival, they are met with an unexpected surprise when Claire steps off of an earlier train. She is grand, grotesque, and fantastic, and is accompanied by two henchmen, her husband, a butler, and two eunuchs, along with a coffin, a caged black panther, and various pieces of luggage. She begins a flirtatious exchange with Ill, and they promptly revisit t heir old haunts: Petersen's Barn and Konrad's Village Wood. Ill finds her as delightful as ever, though they are both now in their sixties and significantly overweight. Claire draws Ill's attention to her prosthetic leg and artificial hand.After settling into the Golden Apostle Hotel, Claire joins the rest of the town, who have gathered outside for a homecoming celebration. A band plays, gymnasts perform, and the Mayor gives a speech. Claire takes the opportunity to announce that she will make a donation of one million dollars, half for the town and half to be shared among the families. The townspeople are overjoyed, but their happiness is dampened when Claire's Butler steps forward to reveal her condition. The Butler was once the Lord Chief Justice of Guellen, and had overseen the paternity suit that Claire had brought against Ill in 1910.In the suit, Ill had produced two false witnesses (who have since been transformed into Claire's eunuchs), and the court had ruled in his favor. Ill went on to marry Matilda, who owned the general store, and Claire moved to Hamburg and became a prostitute. She declares to the townspeople that she has come to Guellen to prove that justice can, indeed, be bought. Her donation is conditional on Ill's death. When the Mayor refuses, the town cheers in support, but Claire states rather ominously, â€Å"I'll wait.† Ill feels generally confident about his status in the town.However, as time passes, he begins to feel troubled about their growing discontent, and then increasingly fearful as he begins to notice the proliferation of new yellow  shoes on the feet of the townsmen, and the fact that everyone seems to be purchasing especially expensive items on credit. He goes to see the Policeman to demand that he arrest Claire for having threatened his life, but the Policeman tells him that the threat is nonsense. Ill then turns to the Mayor, who echoes similar sentiments. Both figures are armed, because Claire's black panther ha s escaped from his cage and is prowling about the town.This only feeds Ill's fear, since â€Å"my black panther† was Claire's pet name for him in their youth. He runs to see the Priest, but the Priest seems to be turning away from him as well, as he effectively ignores Ill's fears and instead draws attention to the magnificent new church bell. Slowly, the standard of living in the town rises, even though the townspeople continue to assure Ill that he is safe. Claire then receives the news that her black panther has been killed, and she has a funeral song played in its memory. In an effort to escape, Ill heads to the railway station, but finds that, strangely, the entire town is gathered there. They ask him where he is going, and he says that he is planning to move to Australia.They wish him well, again assuring him that he has nothing to fear in Guellen, but Ill grows increasingly nervous nonetheless. The train arrives, but he decides not to board, believing that someone will stop him anyway. Paralyzed, he collapses in the crowd, crying, â€Å"I'm lost!† After some time passes and Claire weds a new husband in the Guellen Cathedral, the Doctor and the Schoolmaster go to see her and explain that the townspeople have run up considerable debts since her arrival. The Schoolmaster appeals to her sense of humanity and begs her to abandon her desire for vengeance and help the town out of the goodness of her heart. She reveals to them that she already actually owns all of properties in the town, and that she is the reason the businesses have been shut down and caused stagnation and poverty for the citizens.The Doctor and the Schoolmaster are aghast at this revelation. In the meantime, Ill has been pacing the room above the general store, his terror growing as the townspeople buy more and more expensive products on credit. News reporters, having received word of Claire's imminent wedding, are everywhere, and they enter the store to get the scoop on Ill, ha ving heard that he was Claire's lover back in the day. The Schoolmaster, drunk, tries to inform the press about Claire's cruel proposal, but the townspeople stop him. Finally Ill descends the stairs, surprised at the hubbub, but  quiet. The reporters clear the room when they hear that Claire has just divorced the man she has just married, and has found a new lover.After the confusion has cleared, the Schoolmaster and Ill have an honest discussion. The Schoolmaster explains that he is certain that Ill will be killed, and admits that he will ultimately join the ranks of the murderers. Ill calmly states that he has accepted his guilt, and acknowledges that the town's suffering is his fault. The Schoolmaster leaves, and Ill is confronted by the Mayor, who asks whether Ill will accept the town's judgment at that evening's meeting. Ill says that he will. The Mayor then suggests that Ill make things easier on everyone and shoot himself, but Ill refuses, insisting that the town must go th rough the process of actually judging and then killing him.Ill goes for a ride in his son's newly-purchased car, accompanied by his wife, Matilda, and his daughter, both of whom are wearing new outfits. As they drive through Konrad's Village Wood, Ill says that he is going to go for a walk through the woods before heading to the town meeting. His family continues on to the movie theater. In the woods, Ill comes across Claire, who is walking with her newest husband. She asks her husband to leave so that she and Ill can speak privately. They reminisce about the past, and make plans for the future. Claire tells Ill that she plans to take his body away in the coffin to a mausoleum in Capri that overlooks the Mediterranean.She also tells Ill that she has never stopped loving him, but that over time her love has grown into something monstrous. The town meeting is flooded with press, and the town publicly announces their acceptance of Claire's donation. They then go through the formality o f a vote, which is unanimous, and the Mayor states that they have Ill to thank for their new-found wealth. The press is then ushered out of the auditorium to enjoy refreshments. The doors are locked, and the lights are dimmed. The Priest crosses Ill, and he is killed by the townsmen. Just as a reporter reappears in the auditorium, the Doctor announces that Ill has died from a heart attack.The reporters gather, and declare that Ill has died from joy. Claire examines the corpse, gives the Mayor his check, and leaves the town with Ill's body in the coffin that she brought with her when she arrived in Guellen. Claire boards the train at the railway station, and the visit comes to an end.