The Victorian Time Period - 1108 Words

Many Victorians thought they were living in a time of great change. Queen Victoria’s long reign occurred during political and social stability. But this stability was established before Victoria and most of her subjects were even born. Britain was free of war between Napoleon’s defeat in 1815 and World War I in 1914. While in power, Victoria was queen-empress of over 200 million people not living in Great Britain. At the same time the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century was expanding. New towns, goods, wealth and jobs for those that were climbing through the middle class. Middle-class and working-class politicians were put into power, allowing all to have a say while still remaining a monarchy. Thomas Babington Macaulay helped show the middle class attitude of the time government, history, and civilization. To Macaulay, history was related to progress and progress was defined as actual improvements that the person could physically see or touch. Macaulay also wante d the streets of London to be cleaned up, paved, lighted, and watched over by an actual police force. He had the idea of splitting areas based on wealth, so the poor did not bother the wealthier. Although all did not agree with Macaulay, many of those like him did agree. The first decade Victoria was in power was known as the â€Å"Hungry Forties†. She came into power the very first year of a depression that left 1.5 million workers and their families on a type of relief. When the government decided to check outShow MoreRelatedThe Period Of Victorian Times3057 Words   |  13 Pages Late-Victorian civilians had no hope or faith left by the end of Queen Victoria’s reign. Victorian poets either attempted to change the mind and hearts of Victorian people for the benefit of the throne or attempted to raise awareness for the benefit of progress over the course of the era’s entirety. Nineteenth century England reached its height as a world imperial power and had changed as dramatically as it had in all of its history combined during this time (Greenblatt 2145). The population ofRead MoreThe Time Machine: Class Conflict in the Victorian Period Essay2399 Words   |  10 PagesIsland of Dr. Moreau, and The War of the Worlds. These selections however are not Wells’ most controversial novel. The Time Machine, written in 1895, is Wells’ most talked about work. Multiple different themes and various sides are seen to be taken within this novel, one of these main themes being the separation of classes. While the Morlock’s and the Eloi, in H .G. Wells’ novel; The Time Machine, play an extremely important role in distinguishing the future for this book, one has reason to believe thatRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of The Victorian Era1715 Words   |  7 PagesBeltran English IV- C Ms. Gordon 18 March 2015 Research Paper Throughout history, many time periods have been similar and different from each other. People from each time period decide what they want to continue incorporating and what they would like to disregard. The Victorian Era was brought about upon to show rebellion from the Romantic period. The Victorian Era is a reaction against the Romantic Period due to differences in terms of historical influences, effects of science, crises of faithRead MoreCharacteristics Of Victorian Literature1437 Words   |  6 Pages Are the Victorians Romantics? Characteristics of Victorian literature are largely artists that are inspired by both the art that came before them and the event that occurred during the time that they were working. Victorian literature is largely characterized by the struggle of working people and the triumph of right over wrong, which do in part can be hard to decipher at times. This means that a piece of work can seem Victoria, but may not have been written in the Victorian era, or something canRead MoreChange in the Victorian Period. the Role of Women.891 Words   |  4 PagesChange in the Victorian period. The role of women. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the country whose rich history covers many periods and eras. It saw its ups and downs, experienced both hardships and prosperity. It has been the leading power throughout centuries, with many countries looking up to it and kneeling before it. Still, the echo of its former majesty can be seen up to the present day. However, it is impossible to describe the periods all at once. It wouldRead MoreVictorian Wedding Traditions Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage in the Victorian time period was carefully contemplated, as Rosenberg addresses that â€Å"Wedding ceremonies were seen as an expression of Victorian social values that that the Queen wished to renounce, while on the other hand, such occasions were viewed as having national and collective significance† (Rosenberg 98). Love played a very tiny role in the Victorian Era marriages. An engagement was more approached as a business deal. Once married all possessions went to the husband as property.Read More Blacks in Victorian England834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Othered Victorians Introduction The Victorian period was a time of great hypocrisy. Despite the fact that the Protestant work ethic was gaining popular support amongst the Victorians and myths such as Samuel Smiles rags to riches became part of mainstream Victorian culture, the Victorians were greatly divided into their respective social classes. Works like Thomas Carlyles The Irish Widow and Elizabeth Barrett Brownings The Cry of the Children exemplified the blatant disregard ofRead MoreVictorian Era: The Start of Corruption in Moral Values1594 Words   |  7 PagesLasting from 1837 to 1901, the Victorian Era followed the Romantic Era. Starting and ending with the reign of Queen Elizabeth, this time period is now viewed as strict, prudish, and â€Å"old fashioned,† especially in comparison to today. During those times, the people had to follow a certain standard of living; they were upright people that were modest and controlled. Society at the time adhered to rules such as wearing clothes that covered the women head to toe and abiding by the proper etiquette ofRead MoreGender Inequalities in Victorian England: Robert Browning’s Porphyria’s Lover984 Words   |  4 Pagesmurder? Good evening and welcome to Poetry Break Down, I’m your host Mary Doe. Tonight, we will delve into the fascinating world of classic Victorian literature. Under the microscope is canonized poet, the late Robert Browning. Browning’s poetry was a reflection of his life and times living in Victorian England. Later on this evening we will analyze just how his times came to play a major role in some of his greatest works, in particular his revered poem Porphyria’s Lover. Released in 1836 (CatherineRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period.1210 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarities and differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period. Similarities and Differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period What were the similarities and differences between the Romantic Age and the Victorian Period? The Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had far more differences. They first differed in rule: the Romantic Age didn’t have a king or queen, but the Victorian Period did. They were similar and different in writing styles, and

Cause And Effect Of Car Accidents - 936 Words

The world would be a much better place if there were fewer car accidents. Car accidents happen daily and regularly these days. They leave pains behind for the victims’ families. Many people think that they will never get involved in car accidents. They don’t wear their seat belts, they drive after drinking, and they use their cell phones while driving. They do all these things without even giving a second thought, yet all these things are preventable. No one knows what will happen to them in the future except for God; thus, they should always stay alarmed. People don’t realize that doing those minor things cause them severe pains or even deaths. There are more than six million car accidents each year in the United States. A person dies in a car accident every twelve minutes and each year car crashes kill 40,000 people. Someone is injured by a car accident every fourteen seconds and about two million of the people who are injured in car accidents suffer permanent injuries. Car accidents are the leading cause of death for the people between two and thirty-four years old. Car crashes cost each American more than $1,000 a year; $164. 2 billion is the total cost each year across the U.S. (http://www.edgarsnyder.com/car-accident/statistics.html). As you can see, preserving car accidents not only saves the lives of the people, but also saves the money for their countries. This makes everyone to be involved in car accidents happen in their countries. SoShow MoreRelatedGoogle Glass Essay643 Words   |  3 Pagesglasses are turning everybody’s heads and having them wondering, are these glasses safe, what are the pros and the cons and what is next for Google. Although this new product may seem great and amazing and futuristic it can have some serious side effects and repercussions. One repercussion of this new device could be that is may be an invasion of people’s privacy. The use of this technology could encourage the action of people who like to capture images without permission, it would get much moreRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?973 Words   |  4 Pageshappens when the brain’s production of endocannabinoid neurotransmitters slows or stops because it has adapted to large amounts of marijuana (â€Å"Addictive†). Marijuana disorder becomes an addiction when the user is unable to stop using even if the effects of marijuana interfere with many aspects of their life (â€Å"Addictive†). In 2014, it was estimated that about 4.176 million people in the US, roughly 1% of the total population, abused or were dependent on marijuana, but it is hard to estimate the numberRead MoreBan on the Usage of Cell P hone while Driving808 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Cell phone ban while driving Many states in America according to their research have found out that use of cell phones in cars have contributed to several accidents as well as traffic violations and are now legislating rules and regulations on cell phone usage so as to create safer driving environment in the states hence reducing the number of accidents each and every day caused by use of cell phones while driving. Jennifer Clark (2012 ) indicates that teenage drivers were banned from any cellRead MoreEighteen is too Dangerous886 Words   |  4 PagesHas anyone been harmed from underage drinking that you may know of, whether it’s from over dosing or a severe car accident? The topic of lowering the drinking age to eighteen in the United States is very debatable subject because many people have a difficult time deciding which side to support. Many of the negative issues for the low drinking age would have of an effect on the future, which is why the reform should not be put into action. Reasons include health issues, irresponsibility, and deathsRead MoreEssay Accidents Caused by Texting and Driving 706 Words   |  3 Pageshits an oncoming car. In the last seven years, the number of teens texting while driving has risen . Researchers at Cohen Childrens Medical Center New Hyde Park estimated 3,000 annual teen deaths nationwide from texting and 300,000 injuries (Ricks). This is more than t he number of teens who drink and drive. In comparison, 2,700 teens die from drinking and driving. Because of texting and driving, there has been an increase car crashes, teen injuries and teen deaths. 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The use of the cell phones while driving has been noted to be a cause of several accidents within many states and have been found responsible for more accidents that those caused by drunk-driving in some states. Due to this, many states have now legislated severalRead MoreDifferent Types Of Research Methods1106 Words   |  5 Pagesfour types are causal comparative, descriptive, experimental, and correlational researches. Causal comparative researches look for the cause of some type of effect. Descriptive researches look for a common characteristic within a similar population and determine how various characteristics affect behavior or achievement. Experimental research seeks for the effect of certain factors, also to find the independent variable and dependent variable of the experiment. Correlational research seeks for theRead MoreThe Technology Of Autonomous Car994 Words   |  4 PagesGoogle’s autonomous car had clocked up 1 million miles on public roads, and the resear cher planned to do more road test in the future in order to expedite launch the Google’s car. (Protalinski, 2015) The technology of autonomous car is mature enough to use. In addition, the law for autonomous car has been already passed in serval states including Florida, Nevada, and Michigan. (Boeglin, 2015) It seems to be obviously that autonomous are coming into and bringing profound effect in our daily life.Read MoreThe Causes of Road Accidents in Malaysia1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe Causes Of Road Accidents In Malaysia Time to time, half a million of Malaysians died because of road accidents and the highest cases of road accidents are caused by the drivers’ behaviour, equipment failure and the road conditions and infrastructure. Because of the road accidents many people have lose their family member or close friend. Besides, the road accidents also may effected to government when they have to repair for the broken infrastructure that caused by the accident like lamp

Powers Dismantle Discretionary Structures †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Powers Dismantle Discretionary Structures? Answer: Introduction In Australia, there are different kinds of business structures which can be opted for pursuing the business and one of these is trust[1]. A trust can be defined as a fiduciary relationship present in which one is known as the settlor, who gives the other party, which is trustee, the right of holding the title to assets or property for benefitting a third party, which is known as a beneficiary. The debts of the company are the responsibility of the trustee. The trust form of business structure is established for providing lawful safeguards to the assets of the settlor, for making certain that these assets are distributed as per the wishes of settlors, to reduce paperwork and save time, and in particularly instances, for avoiding or reducing the estate taxes of inheritance[2]. The trust law was introduced back in 1970 by Malcolm EJ Morgan in the nation, who was an accountant profession wise[3]. The Australian trust law follows the English trust law and is amended through the commonweal th and State or Territory legislations. The rationale for choosing the trust depends upon the numerous advantages which are available, particularly in terms of tax benefits to the trust form of business structure[4]. However, this does not mean that the trusts do not have any disadvantages; some of these disadvantages would be discussed later on in this discussion. In the key characteristics of the trust is the requirement of drawing up a formal trust deed in which is stated, the manner in which a particular trust would be operated, its operations, the need for trustee to fulfil the administrative tasks in formal manner and annually, and the expensive set-up of the trust. But the most important aspect, which pulls people towards trust form of business structure, is asset protection. The rules for the trusts depend upon the type of trust which one opts for. In Australia, there are a range of trusts which includes unit trusts, managed investment trusts, special disability trusts, charitable trusts, and family trusts[5]. In t he following parts, a discussion has been carried on these different aspects of trusts, where the focus is laid on the family trusts. Why Family Trust? A trust is deemed as a family trust when the trusts trustee makes a family trust election. In order to make this election, the trust has to be controlled completely by a family group. The term family trust is used to refer to a discretionary trust which is set up for holding the assets of the family or for conducting the business of the family[6]. In general, these are established for tax purposes or for asset protection[7]. The Australian family trusts generally are established by the member of the family to benefit the members of a family group. They could be the subject of family trust election, through which different tax advantages are provided which is passed by the trust through the family control test and the trust income is distributed between the beneficiaries of the trust and these are the people within such family group[8]. These trusts also assist in protecting the assets of the family groups from the liabilities of one, or a higher number of family members, particularly in the events like insolvency or bankruptcy of the family members. The family trusts provide a method through which, the assets of the family are passed on to the future generations. Lastly, the family trusts provide a manner of accessing such tax treatment which is favourable and which helps in making certain that all the family members use the income tax as tax free thresholds. There are a number of other possible benefits in the family trust mode, which includes the avoidance of issues like the challenges to will upon the death of a family member. Advantages and Disadvantages There are a number of advantages in setting up a family trust. The first one in this regard is the creditor protection. The assets which are held in trust, in general, are protected from the beneficiaries creditors or that of the trustees in a personal manner. In majority of situations, a trust protects the family from the liabilities of the parents, which are personally owed. Another key advantage of family trust is protection against relationship property claims. At times when the personal assets are given by a parent to their children, through a will, such assets may at times become available to the partners of the children. Though, where the assets are owned by the trust or are given to the trust upon the death of the parent, the children can continue to obtain the benefits of such assets, and as these assets do not become a part of the personal property, they cannot be subjected to the claims of the partner of the children[9]. The property is also protected, both from and for the beneficiaries through family trust creation. Where there is a concern regarding the ability of the children to manage their financial affairs and a reluctance is caused to give the assets to the children upon death, best option is to set up a family trust, which can be used by the children in a particular manner and which could in turn help in protecting the long term value of the assets of the family. Creation of family trust also helps in protecting the assets of the family for future generation, particularly from the possible changes in the tax law regime. The family trusts could provide the protection from different kinds of taxes like the wealth tax, which could be introduced in future, or taxes like inheritance tax or death duties. The will of a person can still be rewritten by the court where the court fees its necessary; though, the same cannot be done for trusts. Also, the modern trust deeds allow for right of variation s o as to deal with the changes which are brought in the law. Lastly, the family trusts are kept confidential due to them not being registered publically[10]. Apart from these numerous advantages of creating a family trust one must not forget the different disadvantages of opting for such mode of business structure. The first disadvantage is the loss of ownership of assets. When the personal assets are transferred to trust, they become the assets of the trust and the trust has complete control over such assets. Even though an ounce of control can be retained as the power is held regarding the appointment and removal of trustees, of by being trustees themselves, it is crucial to keep in mind that the transferred assets are not the assets of the individual. And in case the person treats the assets as their own, the trust has the option of challenging it as a sham[11]. When a trust is formed, there is a need for time and costs to be allowed for meeting with the yearly administrative and accounting requirements of the trusts. There are also high costs involved when it comes to establishing a trust in terms of cost of formation and cost for transfer of assets. These costs are also dependent upon the complexity of the trust, along with the nature of the assets which are being transferred to the trust. There is also a need to keep in mind the future changes in the law which could remove of cause effect to some of the key objectives of the formation of the trust. So apart from the immediate benefits which can be obtained by forming a trust, there is a need to consider the long term effects of trust formation and the impact of it to make a decision regarding if a trust form of business structure is advantageous or disadvantageous as a business structure[12]. Tax Features and benefit with family trust A key advantage of the family trust is the trustees ability for selecting the person from whom the net income of the trust would be distributed yearly. The net income of the trust can be distributed between the beneficiaries in such a manner where the total income tax which is payable on it could be minimized. For the tax purposes, a family trust is one where a valid family trust election is made by the trustee and merely including the wordings family trust in the name of the trust does not create a family trust. The valid family trust election is made by the trustee only when they are satisfied regarding the relevant tests, as well as, have made an election in a written manner and in an approved form. Upon this election being made, the same cannot be revoked or varied save for in special situations[13]. The Family Trust Election allows the trust to obtain certain tax concessions. The family trust distribution tax, as a trade off, is imposed when the distributions are made out of the family group. The family trust distribution tax is applicable to the distributions which are made from the family trusts in case the trustee distributes capital or income, or confers a present entitlement, makes a concessional loan or allows or provides otherwise regarding the usage of capital or income of trust for less than the market value of it, to an entity or to a person which is out of the family group of the trust. This tax is payable by the family trusts trustee at the highest marginal rate, in addition to the levy of Medicare[14]. The Trustee beneficiary reporting rules are such rules which require the trustee to advise the Australian Taxation Office, i.e., ATO regarding some specific details. These details are related to each of the trustee beneficiary which is entitled to the part of a tax preferred amount of the particular trust, or includes in their assessable income, a part of net income of tax, under the untaxed part. This particular advice is required to be provided by the due date of lodgement of family trusts tax return[15]. There is also the advantage of capital gain tax as there is an applicability of 50% discount factor which is applied on capital gains for the assets which are retained for a period of more than one year. There are also the income tax advantages as there is an ability to select the person who would bear the net income of the year and to whom the same would be distributed every year[16]. In addition to these, the state income tax, the transfer tax and the federal estate taxes also have to be considered in a careful manner[17]. Asset protection features and benefit with family trust Asset protection is amongst the different advantages which are available to the family trust, as per which, the valuable assets are put beyond the reach of the possible creditors. By doing so, the family trusts are able to save the day time and again[18]. In majority of the cases, the assets are transferred to the family trust and this disallows the creditors from accessing them in case the transferor goes bankrupt or the transferor gets into some sort of financial difficulty[19]. The reason for this is that the transferor gets no interest in the property which has been transferred and also has no interest in the family trust which is recognized in the eyes of law. This feature is the reason why wealthy individuals opt to hold their assets in family trust[20]. In Dwyer v Ross[21], it was stated that the protection is raised as the trustee of the family trust is the owner of assets, instead of the beneficiaries. And as a result of this, the bankruptcy of the beneficiary would not impa ct upon the assets of the trustee. Current political developments affecting family trusts Due to the very nature of trust, whereby the rich are benefitted, a political debate is brewing in the nation. As per the Australia Institute, in trusts, $3.1 trillion is being held and 51% of the revenue flows from them and goes to the richest 0.43% of the population. The debate has been raised as the family trusts allows the high income earners, to distribute the money to their family members on low tax rates and incomes and by doing so, they are able to reduce their personal liability of tax. The labour party has taken a position in this regard whereby they have made a promise to crack down on the family trusts in case they were elected and as a measure, they have promised to raise a value of $17 billion over a period of ten years[22]. Mr. Bill Shorten, the labour leader has made a promise to introduce an across-the-board minimum 30% tax for the family trust distributing funds to people over the age of 18 in case he comes to power[23]. Such promises were earlier proposed by the Coalition and were abandoned. The views have been changed and now the view of Coalition, as denoted by Scott Morrison, the treasurer is that the labour partys $17 billion was a plan meant to shut down the family trust tax loopholes by directly assaulting the small business. And hence, coalition challenged the release of Bill Shorten to the full details of this policy. Even though a group of experts have suggested that the best manner of closing the loopholes is to attribute the income from trust to such individual who has control over it, irrespective of its final beneficiaries, this is not likely to be of use, owing to the complexities in accounting and legal structure which has taken centuries in its making and could take more than a single policy announcement, to be picked apart. There is thus, only a need of a single policy which does the purpose[24]. Things to consider while setting up family trusts There are certain requirements which have to be kept in mind while setting up any trust. In the English case of Knight v Knight[25], three key certainties were given as the requirement for establishing a trust. These three were intention, subject matter and objects, which became embodied as the three key principles. These key certainties help in determining if the assets can be disposed off in the wills or whether the wordings are too ambiguous for allowing the beneficiaries for collecting what appears to be on face of the will as being their[26]. The first requirement is of the intention to create a trust. The intention of the settler is required for determining if a trust exists and also to determine the width of application and terms of such trust. As per the general maxim, the substance of the equity is looked at, instead of its form; in other terms, it could also be articulated as the equity looking into the intention, instead of the form. Hence, there is no requirement of a special formula or formal words, so long as it could be proved that there is a clear intent of creating the trust. There has to be an intention and it needs to be essential in terms that a trust would be formed and the creation would not merely be permissive. So, a real intention is needed and if there is no intention, a trust would not be created[27]. Where a dispute is raised regarding intention, the person who states that the trust was in existence is required to prove that the intention was present for creation of trust. The construction of language is looked into for this matter as a general approach. The language of the settler is looked into by the court and the words are given plain meaning, till the time a technical term is covered. And for purpose of taking out the meaning of a particular aspect, the entire document which led to the creation of trust has to be taken into consideration. The majority of trusts are in writing, particularly the ones which relates to land. In case of the trusts which are created through will, the context of this document has to be taken into consideration[28]. In Dean v Cole[29], the will of the testator left nearly all of the personal and real property to his wife through the use of wordings ...trusting to her that she will ... divide in fair just and equal shares between my children and that some sum of estate was at complete disposal of the widow. When the document was read as whole, the court interpreted that the testator did not have the intent of creating a trust as the trust for the entire property was not consistent with these statements as some parts were at widows disposal. Hence, trusting to her was not a binding trust to make equal divisions but to indicate the confidence in the wife. The intention is thus a state of mind and the relevant circumstances surrounding it. And when the trust is created through a trust instrument, the instrument has to be analysed for analysing the intention. Where there is uncertainty due to issues like mistake, fraud or duress, a trust would not be created. The next requirement is for the certainty of the subject matter. There is a need for the trust to have a subject matter. A trust is regarding the property and in a valid trust, there has to be certainty regarding which property is the central matter of the trust as it becomes the subject matter of benefits and obligations. There is a need for the trustee to be able to identify the property, along with the rights of the beneficiaries in a fixed trust regarding the trust property. The amount or shares and the nature of property can give rise to the doubts[30]. With regards to the nature of property, any sort of ascertainable property could become the subject matter of trust, which includes tangible or intangible property, personal property, real property and the like. Though, an expectation cannot be deemed as trust property. In Re Rules Settlement[31], a woman was under the different objects of power of appointment which was held by other. She was of the opinion that she would get money from appointment and attempted to settle this money. The Collector of Imposts made an attempt to assess from the stamp duty, the settlement instrument based on the property being the subject of power of appointment. It was held by the Full Court of Victoria that the stamp duty was not payable as there was no property to settle, and just an expectancy of the same. The quantum of interest is another crucial point when it comes to certainty of subject matter. Apart from determining the intent and type of property, it is important to know that there is a certainty of interest which is taken by the beneficiaries. And in absence of such certainty, the expression would be void. The key issue here is the interpretation with certainty by the court. In case, the settler had given certain criteria for interest calculation of beneficiaries, the court would use that particular criterion. This particular approach has to be applied in a fair and generous manner[32]. Re Golay[33] was a case in which a deposition on trust regarding the reasonable income was included in the will. And in this case, the court was of the opinion that this required an objective determination. Certainty of the object is the last requirement where the general rule relates to the beneficiary principle. The principle here is that the trust has to favour the beneficiaries who are identified and who can be ascertained or for a recognized charitable purpose[34]. The principle given under Morice v Bishop of Durham[35] proves to be of help in this regard, which requires each trust to have a definitive object. Case studies and lesson to be learnt There are a number of cases which present different lessons with them. For instance, in the case of Rinehart v Welker[36], an agreement was attempted to be enforced by Gina Rinehart attempted to enforce the agreement, the effect of which was that her family would be able to arbitrate the disputes which related to the disputes regarding the trusteeship she her in the discretionary trust of the family. Some of the children tried to remove her from the post of trustee and also argued that this agreement was against the public policy since the jurisdiction of the court was outset regarding the trustees removal. Even though the Court of Appeal stated that the reason regarding drafting meant that the arbitration agreement could not be applied in this dispute, the majority held that such agreement could be given effect to. This case not only highlights that arbitration can be used in trusts to solve the disputes, but also that the terms of the trust drawing are crucial as these are referred to, in cases of disputes. Another significant ruling, which turns one of the benefits of the trust into a disadvantage, was that of Harris v Harris[37]. In this case, the Full Family Court stated that the property of a discretionary family trust could be included for the purposes of the matrimonial assets of the separating spouses. This means that the attempt of the property of the trust to not be used by the spouse of the children upon separation would not always hold to be true[38]. The Richstar case, i.e., Richstar Enterprises Pty Ltd (ACN 099 071 968) v Carey (No 6)[39] is another important case when it comes to the family trusts. In this case, the Court used their powers regarding the discretionary trust property. And French J considered the degree of control which the beneficiary had over the trust and also explored the concept of the trust being the alter ego of the beneficiary[40]. Conclusion The previous parts of this discussion highlighted the different aspects revolving around family trusts. The discussion highlighted the nuisances of trusts and the different reasons for which the trust form of business structure is selected by the people. Trust form of business structure helps in continuing the estate of the party even after their death. Particularly in the matter of family trusts, the individuals are able to transfer their property to trust, which is held by the family, thus their children get the assets, without having to make it their personal property and bear high taxes. The capital tax advantage available to the trusts further helps in reducing this tax liability. The income taxes are also reduced under family trusts as a trustee is selected who would bear the tax liability yearly. Instead of facing a risk of the will of the individual being disputed after their death, by opting for a trust form of business structure, they can continue their estate in perpetuity . The discussion also highlighted the other key advantage of the family trusts, which is asset protection, as by opting for this form of business structure, the assets of the beneficiary are protected from the creditors. This discussion also highlighted some shortfalls and certain issues which can be raised under family trusts. The key one in this regard, which leads to the first recommendation is that when the trust is being created, the three key certainties, i.e., intention, subject matter and objects have to be properly embodied in the trust. Also, there is a need for the overhauling of the entire system of trusts, particularly owing to the political debate which has been highlighted in the previous segment. Hence, it is recommended to drawn up an effective policy, which helps in stopping the ones who are mis-utilizing this business structure for avoiding their tax liabilities. Another important recommendation is to enhance the asset protection through Testamentary Trust. The last key recommendation is that while the trust is being formed up, there is a need to properly cover every aspect which surrounds the family trust so as to draw up an effective which is not disputed later on, as was found r egarding the arbitration clause regarding one of the case laws highlighted above. Till the times these recommendations are adopted, and possibly even after that, family trusts remains amongst the top choices when it comes to selection of a business structure, particularly for taxation benefits. References Bray J, Key Cases: Equity Trusts (Routledge, 2nd ed, 2013) Mattock J, Doing Business in Australia for China: How to Invest in Australia for Chinese (Australia China Business Alliance, 2014) McDonald I, and Street A, Equity and Trusts (Oxford University Press, 5th ed, 2016) Ramjohn M, Text, Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts (Routledge, 4th ed, 2008) Dean v Cole (1921) 30 CLR 1 Dwyer v Ross (1992) 34 FCR 463 Harris v Harris [2011] FamCAFC 245 Knight v Knight (1840) 49 ER 58 Morice v Bishop of Durham (1804) 9 Ves 399; 32 ER 656 Re Golay [1965] 2 Al ER 660 Re Rules Settlement [1915] VLR 670 Richstar Enterprises Pty Ltd (ACN 099 071 968) v Carey (No 6) [2006] FCA 814 Rinehart v Welker [2012] NSWCA Australian Taxation Office, Family trusts concessions (2017) https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Trusts/In-detail/Family-trusts---concessions/ Australian Taxation Office, Specific rules for some trusts (2017) https://www.ato.gov.au/general/trusts/specific-rules-for-some-trusts/ Chan Naylor, Asset Protection (2017) https://www.chan-naylor.com.au/services/asset-protection/ Clear Docs, Family Trusts explained and Family Trust Elections explained (2017) https://www.cleardocs.com/extra-family-trust.html Fowler PM, Taxation of Family Trusts (2017) https://thefinancebase.com/taxation-family-trusts-2820.html Gardiner J, Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Trusts (11 July 2016) https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages-disadvantages-family-trusts-joe-gardiner Gartrell A, Shorten's family trust tax plan a 'direct assault' on small business: Morrison (30 July 2017) https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/shortens-family-trust-tax-plan-a-direct-assault-on-small-business-morrison-20170730-gxlky9 Gibson Sheat, Family Trusts -Advantages and disadvantages (2017) https://www.gibsonsheat.com/Articles/Trusts/Family+Trusts+-Advantages+and+disadvantages.html Haan PD, and Riley A, Discretionary trusts and asset protection (20 February 2017) https://www.wolterskluwercentral.com.au/tax/income-tax/discretionary-trusts-asset-protection/ HopgoodGanim, Family Law Alert: Clarification on the treatment of discretionary trusts in property settlements (08 Feb 2012) https://www.hopgoodganim.com.au/page/Publications/Family_Law_Alert_Clarification_on_the_treatment_of_discretionary_trusts_in_property_settlements_-_8_Feb_2012/ Janda M, Trusts and tax minimisation explained (28 July 2017) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-28/trusts-and-tax-minimisation-explained/8752480 Micheals A, Tax debate: let's drop the rich vs poor rhetoric (14 August 2017) https://indaily.com.au/opinion/2017/08/14/tax-debate-lets-drop-rich-vs-poor-rhetoric/ Mirams A, Why You Should Set Up A Family Trust (16 January 2017) https://propertyupdate.com.au/why-you-should-set-up-a-family-trust/ My Monet Calculator, Which Business Structure Provides The Greatest Asset Protection? (2017) https://www.mymoneycalculator.com.au/which-business-structure-provides-the-greatest-asset-protection Revolvy, Australian trust law (2017) https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Australian%20trust%20law Rostron G, What is a discretionary trust and what are the benefits? (2017) https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4606/what-is-a-discretionary-trust-and-what-are-the-ben.aspx Sales L, Labor promises to tackle the family trust tax problem (31 July 2017) https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/labor-promises-to-tackle-the-family-trust-tax/8761430 Tan J, Richstar The Courts Powers to Dismantle Discretionary Trust Structures (2017) https://www.corneyandlind.com.au/resource-centre/commercial/richstar-the-courts-powers-to-dismantle-discretionary-trust-structures/ The Dover Group, Chapter 05 Family Trusts (2017) https://www.dover.com.au/dover-way/part-19-legal-entities-and-structures/chapter-05-family-trusts/

World’s Histor an Example of the Topic History Essays by

World’s History Hieroglyphics is a formal writing system used by Egyptians which actually consist of more than 2,000 hieroglyphs characters. Every character represents a common object in ancient Egypt and the idea associated with the object hieroglyphs represents the sound of an object. Hieroglyphs on the later use were very time to consume that is why the Egyptians are encouraged to developed a cursive script called hieratic where all of the characters within are based on the hieroglyphs symbols. Also, in the early years after the development of hieratic the Egyptian begun using a script which was made even simpler than hieratic, this script was called demotic script. Today, Rebus has become the modern time use type of hieroglyphs writing. Rebus was defined as a picture puzzle that is capable of being sounded out through reading the sounds that were symbolized by the pictures. Need essay sample on "Worlds History" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Literature, on the other hand, is the body of written works of language, period or culture and is literally acquainted with letters. The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts or work of art both of the fiction and the nonfiction such as fables, short stories, novels, myths, folktales and legends that may or may not have national implications. The term literature can be defined in numerous ways depending on the perspective of someone whos using it. It can be applied generally from the images up to the letters. Literature could also mean of only a text that was composed by letters or by Egyptian hieroglyphs. Biography is one type of literature developed by the Egyptians using hieroglyphics. Biography is the story of one persons life that was written or told by another person, in the case of the Egyptians by that time, the pharaoh. Another type of literature is the fable, fable or the story that teaches a moral lesson which often has animal characters. A folktale is another type; it is a story that has been passed down within a culture that may be based on the superstitious belief and feature supernatural characters. The folktale is the type of literature which consists of fairy tales and all the other stories that have been passed down through the generations. Legend, it is a type of literature developed by Egyptian hieroglyphics that was about the story which has been handed down and passed by over the generations and is believed to be based on history. A legend has a hero that was character by human and typically mixes fact and fiction. Myth, on the other hand, is a traditional story t hat has been established by a particular group or culture as factual and sacred. It centered on God and the supernatural being and explains how something came to be. Short stories are a fictional and narrative writing style that tends to be more concise and direct to the point than the longer works of fiction. Hieroglyphics were used by the Egyptians in order to develop and progress literature. Reference Ecrivain-Public. (2008). Arts literature writing professionals. Retrieved January 29, 2008

Essay about Skyler Thought and Person

Essay about Skyler Thought and Person Essay about Skyler: Thought and Person You ever wonder why things go bad according to your mood your in or what your thoughts you are having? Well you should be care in what you think, because ;as a result, your thoughts can end up running your life and effecting what happens to your future. Watch out on what you think! Study shows over 90% of what you think will affect what you do. Bad things can happen or bad conclusions can be made. Like rumors. When someone starts saying things about another person that you don’t know that well, then it can be turned back to you and it could hurt you. If you think a rumor is true without checking with the person it is about ;furthermore, you could wind up thinking that it is true, and it could wind up effecting on what you think of a person and how you react to that individual. If you think that starting a bad habit (like drugs) is good then your wrong, because you could get into a lot of trouble (depending on what you have done). Find out the truth about something (whether its bad or good) before you do it or believe it. If you have something set in your mind that an event that is bad or good could happen, then it could wind up happening. Or most likely influence what's going to happen. Do not get your hopes up or down. If something good happens, for example: If you are going in to receive a job interview and you go in with good thoughts or hopes then you will most likely wind up doing good on your interview and will could get the job. If you do not study for a test that you have the next day, and you think that you are going to do a bad job on the test. Then the chances are that you will do bad are greater, because you have a negative towards the test. Watch out on what you think about something that you want to do or that is going to happen. If you think that your relationship or something in your relationship is going to turn our ar happen that is good or bad then it could wind up being either good or bad. If you start dating

Comma After i.e. and e.g.

Comma After i.e. and e.g. Comma After i.e. and e.g. Comma After i.e. and e.g. By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know if the abbreviations i.e. and e.g. should be followed by a comma. i.e.: from the Latin phrase id est, â€Å"that is.† Used in English to restate a previous word or expression: â€Å"He really enjoys a good bildungsroman, i.e., coming-of-age novel.† e.g.: from the Latin phrase exempli gratia, â€Å"for the sake of the example.† In English, it means â€Å"for example† and is used to introduce one or more examples: â€Å"I like animals, e.g. dogs, cats, and horses.† The two terms are frequently mixed up. If you have trouble remembering which means â€Å"in other words† and which means â€Å"for example,† you can use a mnemonic to keep them apart, or you can avoid using them altogether. A simple mnemonic that helps many writers is the fact that the word example begins with the letter e. E.g., therefore, is the one that means â€Å"for example.† On the other hand, instead of e.g., you can write â€Å"for example,† and for i.e., you can write â€Å"namely† or â€Å"in other words.† Style guides do not agree on whether or not a comma should follow both these abbreviations. They do all agree that a comma precedes i.e. when the i.e. phrase occurs in a running text (i.e., not enclosed in parenthesis). The consensus seems to be in favor of the comma in American usage; against it in British usage. The Penguin Writer’s Manual (British) shows both i.e. and e.g. without a following comma. Fowler, in his venerable Modern English Usage, opines that â€Å"whether a comma follows [e.g.] or not is indifferent, or rather is decided by the punctuation-pitch of the writer of the passage. He says nothing of i.e. The Chicago Manual of Style states that i.e. and e.g. should be â€Å"confined to parentheses and notes and followed by a comma.† The AP Stylebook, whose â€Å"punctuation-pitch† leans generally to the side of â€Å"the fewer commas the better,† is pro-comma when it comes to i.e. and e.g. According to AP, both abbreviations are â€Å"always followed by a comma.† As with so many matters of punctuation, the writer’s best practice is to choose a style reference and follow its recommendations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†The Difference Between "will" and "shall"Apostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

3. Identify some examples of West Afrian heritage or survivalisms Essay

3. Identify some examples of West Afrian heritage or survivalisms among African Americans - Essay Example African heritage among African Americans is the Black Arts Movement as a cultural explosion to witness the incorporation of the surviving cultural attire with contemporary fashion elements and the traditional clothing of the West Africans. This led to the development of a traditional style which was uniquely African-American. The most popular African textile is Kente cloth. Originally, the Ewe and Ashanti peoples of Togo and Ghana used to make such festive woven patterns. Kente fabric can be seen in different fashions of the West Africans including casual t-shirt, cummerbunds, and formal bow ties. African Americans have been wearing the traditional African clothing both formally and informally since the commencement of the Black Arts Movement. Vibrant colors, trade beads, mud cloth, and jewelry and couture made with Adinkra motifs are other manifestations of the commonly witnessed traditional African dress elements in the African American culture. Another aspect of fashion commonly f ound in the African American culture is use of appropriate dress for worshipping. In most Black churches, people are expected to present themselves in the best possible way for

Harmful human activities on global warming Research Paper

Harmful human activities on global warming - Research Paper Example The history of global warming begins with growth and development of human race on earth. Besides, industrialization and unrestricted exploitation of natural resources (say, renewable and non-renewable) accelerated global warming. Today, the cyclic process of nature is partially or totally degraded by human activity. So, it is the global responsibility to conserve nature and to reduce the scope of further harmful human activities upon nature. Thesis statement: An investigative study to unveil the cause effect relationship between global warming and harmful human activates (Special references to the topics like using fossil fuels, deforestation and over population). I. General thoughts about Global warming The general thoughts about global warming are mainly based on the cause effect relationship between human activities and global warming. One cannot ignore the harmful effects of human activities upon nature because it is the main reason behind global warming or high increase in globa l temperature. Besides, global warming is not limited to the sphere of a single nation because all the nations are facing the after effects, regardless of richness or poverty. From a different angle of view, the far reaching consequences of global warming may transform the earth into a barren land, not suitable for human inhabitation. The responsibility of developed nations to take initiative in fighting against the after effects of this possible manmade disaster is crucial. The present discussions upon global warming do not help the human race to reduce the drastic effects of global warming because the developing and underdeveloped nations are not yet ready to consider the same as and utmost serious threat. In fact, the whole world is undergoing serous climate change and it is the responsibility of the global community to take apt remedial measures to reduce the drastic effects of global warming. As pointed out, the general thoughts on global warming leads to discussions, not remed ial measures to reduce its after effects. So, corrective actions can save the earth from drastic climate change and after effects of the same. The developed nations can play the most important role in reducing the harmful effects of global warming because the developing and underdeveloped nations are helpless to move forward without economic support. II. Harmful human activities Earlier, the human beings used to have harmonious relationship with nature. They considered that the natural resources are not to be over exploited because the same must be handed over to the future generations. But the renaissance spirit transformed the whole world and it paved the way for industrialization and mechanization. Then, the human beings began to exploit renewable and non-renewable resources on earth. Gradually, these human activities began to affect the ecological balance and it accelerated natural imbalance. So, one can easily identify that overexploitation of renewable and non-renewable resour ces without considering the rights of future generations lead to harmful effects. Some of the most important harmful human activities like using fossil fuels, deforestation and over population are discussed below. A. Using Fossil Fuels The indiscriminate exploitation and usage of fossil fuel leads to solar ice cap depletion, sea level rise, and increased rate of temperature. First of all, fossil fuel is not a renewable resource or it cannot be restored. The renewable resources

Is Advertising Good for the Economy Essay Example for Free

Is Advertising Good for the Economy Essay Nowadays, in business world, advertising is considered a powerful tool for competition. Consumers can get useful information from advertisements and can choose products which best suits them according to their needs. Advertising play a significant role in the US economy it assists American economy to function smoothly. Furthermore, it keeps prices low and helps the entry of new organizations in domestic and global market depends on the organization’s business. Advertising especially in the US, is considered as an economic work horse which has performed colossal feats with little credit. However, the work horse often pocks his nose in places where he is not supposed to. Unfortunately, according to O’Connor, â€Å"Unless product meanings change in the populations, advertisers continue to associate the same values with the same products†. (OConnor, 1996) At present, the US market has become a highly mobile consumer-centric society. In this speedy market everyday millions of dollars exchange through internet and by other sources. The American economy has been conquered by retail and service business industry, and in both industries ads play a fundamental role in boosting their products and services demand. In this regard, any retailing or service business industry if desired to get succeed, both must advertise their product for consumers about product quality, cost and some useful information. In this context, outdoor signs have experienced as the most rapid communicative and cost effective tool. In the year 2004, the economy of Missouri generated approximately 108 billions dollars. According to a research conducted by Davidson revealed the facts that in the year 2004, the aggregate economic activity produced by ads, which includes direct expenditure, goods provider spending and inter-organization activity generated approximately twenty percent of the nation’s 548 billion dollar economic activity and also provided around 429,700 jobs, or fifteen percent of the nation’s workforce of 2. 9 million. Interestingly, the study also showed that the total income earned from the advertising industry was about 108 billion dollars that had a direct link with 54 billion dollars sale. In the same year, around 429,654 individuals got jobs through advertising and positively affected Missouri’s economy in a healthy way. Moreover, 94257, jobs were generated in sales department in various organizations which was the outcome of excessive adverting in all sorts of media. Furthermore, the idea of outdoor signs in America gained so much popularity and in this regard both sate and federal state declared signage as a secure, fast and easy way for advertisement. The study also disclosed that the ads simulated additional buys by providing significant and useful information to a wide range of consumers in the household and businesses, which was also a crucial factor in the market economy. (Davidson, 2005) Due to severe business competition among most of the business organizations in the US, an overwhelming growth of adverting agencies has been observed. Advertising agencies list have showed a constant growth over the past few decades, other than agencies contributed the honor in former years, none have offered substantial or handsome national ads or print campaigns. In spite of a collective ten percent growth in billings from 1. 781 billion dollars in 2004 to 1. 963 billion dollars in 2005 a huge number of ads agencies received a decreased in accounts also declined in cash flow and profitability. According to a study conducted by insider’s reporters from Universal Mc Cann showed that, advertising expenses increased by 4. 5 percent in the year 2005 as compare to 2004 figures. Interestingly, during that rising period black ad agencies did not contribute to country’s economy as much amount as predicted. (Advertising agencies, 2006) A study conducted by The Direct Marketing Association showed that, in New York, in the year 2005, different organizations spent around 161 billion dollars on direct marketing. When this investment measured against total New York income this also had a direct relation with the advertising expenses of that period. Entirely, direct marketing share was 10. 3 percent of the total US Gross Domestic Product in 2005. (Growth Trends Continue, 2005) In the past decade, a tremendous growth has been seen in online advertisement In this regard, two different images marked the way of efficient online advertising which included: direct response or brand building. Due to the abundance availability of computers online advertisement has become a yardstick for consumers. Advertising especially in the US, developed in reply to a huge expansion in markets. For example, product manufacturers and service sellers attempts to reach ever growing customers throughout the nation. In this context, many organizations have adopted technological equipment, better management and so on to meet not only the desired quality of the customers but also provide products on time. According to a research conducted by Molinari and Turino in 2006: o Expenses on ads are positively correlated with Gross Domestic Product. o Both consumption and investment has a direct relation with ads expenditures. o The organization’s ads positively impact on family demand of good. As a whole, it connotes that ads positively impacts the aggregate utilization of the economy as if it were an exogenic demand shock. o At state level advertisers contribute a multitude of taxes which normally includes, property tax, state income tax so forth. (Molinari and Turino, 2006) â€Å"The latest e Marketer estimates put total US Internet ad spending at $16. 4 billion this year, a 30. 8% gain over last years $12. 5 billion. The prime engine behind such strong growth is Google, whose US online advertising revenues are expected to be more than $4 billion (after subtracting traffic acquisition costs paid to network partners). † (Hallerman, 2006). Outstanding results of advertising will continue to come in the last months of 2007; with aggregate US online ad spending reaches at the end of this year around 19. 5 billion dollars. Nonetheless, this will be because of overall US economic weaknesses, in the United States real Gross Domestic Product growth is likely to down from over 3 percent in the year 2006 to around two percent in 2007. It is interesting to note that, in spite of the fact that the United States economy is considered a soft economy, growth in online advertisement will continue to rise by 17. 5 percent in the next year. Merrill Lynch a media analyst Lauren Rich Fine said on Friday, December 1, as reported by Media Post, 2. 6 percent expenditure on aggregate ads for 2007 is not astonishing, and can be devoted as a more muted economic in the following year. Furthermore, as Steve Fredericks, the president and CEO of TNS Media Intelligence, said e Marketer in early December, â€Å"We see GDP remaining sluggish at least through the first half of 2007†. (Hallerman, 2006) The year 2008, the United States Gross Domestic Product is expected to get closer to three percent. Online advertisements will also bounce with a 22. 1 percent significant increase as compare to 2007. This is also expecting that, due to the fact that political races primarily depended on internet communication, with the 2008 election, ads will share a significant amount on overall country’s economy. Besides, 2008 summer Olympics will also play a tremendous role in advertisement investing. (Hallerman, 2006). A study conducted by Direct Marketing Today (DMA), the study primarily reported the top line outcomes from the DMA insight econometric model of the United States direct marketing activities for the state as a whole, the Business to consumer (B2C), Business to Business (B2B), the most important direct marketing media, and for the economy’s of around 50 organizations group. Some study’s interesting findings are: Continue Growth By the year 2009, it is estimated that the sales driven by direct marketing will grow by 6. 4 percent, which will be 5. 3 percent up if compare to 1999 to 2004 figures. Jobs DM- driven employment is forecasted to grow by two percent per annum throughout 2009. The report also showed that, in the year 2005, direct marketing expenses directly supported 10. 6 million jobs. That was not only included direct marketers but also other employees whose requirement were needed to fulfill increased orders produced by direct marketing. High Return on Investment In 2005, an investment of dollar 1 in direct marketing ad expenses returned, on average 11. 49 incremented incomes across all organizations. Important Part of the Advertising Mix â€Å"Direct marketing advertising expenditures accounted for 47. 9% of total advertising in 2004, up from 46. 9% in 1999†. (Growth Trends Continue, 2005) Conclusion In today’s world of complex business, in order to survive in a severe competition market both domestic and international organizations paying a large amount of their product cost in shape of advertisement. Certainly, virtually all types of business even those not perceived as major marketers rely on advertising for their economic well-being. As discussed above, no body can deny the statement that, in the US ads play a vital role in boosting up the nation’s economy. Thousands of individuals every year get jobs through internet, newspapers, billboards and TV ads, consequently, decreasing unemployment ratio of the country. Throughout it has also been observed that, expenditures on ads have a direct link with the US total sale of each year. In this regard, ads share a fairly large amount in the US Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Certainly, through advertising almost all consumers come to know about product cost its specific features and most importantly ad gives a consumer an open right to discriminate between two identical products and buy the good one. References Advertising agencies: (June, 2006), A sluggish economy, reduced margins, and institutional racism are delivering severe blows to black ad agencies. Black Enterprise, Davidson Jim, (2005), Davidson Company for The Advertising Coalition Growth Trends Continue for Direct Marketing, (September 29, 2005) http://www. the-dma.org/cgi/disppressrelease? article=704 Accessed, July 27, 2007 Hallerman David, (DECEMBER 6, 2006)Internet Advertising Will Weather a Sluggish Economy, Growth in Internet ad spending will slow next year before rebounding in 2008. http://www. emarketer. com/Article. aspx? id=1004345 Accessed, July 27, 2007 Molinari Benedetto, Turino Francesco, (May 31, 2006), The role of Advertising in the Aggregate Economy: the Working-Spending Cycle OConnor Gina Colarelli, (1996), Translating Values into Product Wants, Journal of Advertising Research, Volume: 36. Issue: 6. Page Number: 90+.

Butanol :: Biology, Bacteria

Many species belonging to the genus Clostridium are categorized as strict anaerobes because neither they nor key enzymes inside them are able to function normally during aerobic culti-vations, and stringent anaerobic conditions are required for their growth (1). Despite the gen-eral understanding about the sensitivity of clostridial species to O2, some strains possess me-tabolic mechanisms for withstanding, to some degree, the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO), and this phenomenon has been reviewed(2,3). Clostridium acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824, a widely investigated model for studies on the fermentative production of butanol, sus-tained growth after a shift from anaerobic to microoxic conditions (0-0.2 % DO)at the mid-exponential phase of growth, however, it ceased to grow on flushing the broth with a gas mixture of 5 % O2 / 95 % N2 (4).The O2-tolerance of C. acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824 in microoxic conditions has been attributed to the production of O2-induced polypeptides, wh ich are presumed to play a protective role against toxic activated oxygen species such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (4).Studies on the oxygen stress-responses in the obligate anaerobes C. acetobutylicum and C.aminovalericum revealed the upregulation of gene clusters coding for O2-scavenging enzymes, including NADH : rubredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.18.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), thiol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.1), alkylhydroperoxide reductase (EC 1.11.1.15), and superoxide dismutase (5).Based on the findings of Kawasaki et al. (4,5), Hillman et al. (6) reported that C. acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824 perRmutants, survived aerobic incubation on agar plates for up to 50 days (6). The per mutants also survived oxidative stress in aerated liquid cultures for up to 3 hours before a decrease in cell viability was observed (6). However, at this stage (after 3 hours) if no further O2 was added to the broth culture, the perR mutants were able to reestablish anaerobic c onditions by rapidly consuming DO in the broth (6). These reports (4,5,6) however, did not investigate the effects of oxidative stress on the production of solvents. Despite the presence of metabolic mechanisms in some clostridia for surviving short-term oxidative stress, these appear to be insufficient for establishing long-term survival under aerobic conditions. Literature on the effects of oxidative stress on butanol-producing bacteria, all of which are strict anaerobes, remains limited. A fuller understanding of the effects of such stressants on metabolite production will provide insights into stress-specific responses in bu-tanol-producing bacteria and may reveal strategies for improving the yield of solvents.

Is ‘Of Mice and Men’ Pessimistic? Essay

The two main themes of ‘Of mice and Men’ are loneliness and prejudice. These two elements create a depressive and pessimistic background. You can feel the pessimism all through the book, but some parts have different levels of pessimism. John Steinbeck chose the title from a poem called ‘To a Mouse’ and written by Robbie Burns, from which the book is clearly inspired: â€Å"But Mousie, thou are no thy-lane, In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid schemes o’ Mice an’ Men, Gang aft agley, An’ lea’e us nought but grief an’ pain, For promis’d joy!† The last two verses refer to the dream and how it doesn’t succeed. The dream is destroyed by loneliness, which in this case, is represented by Curly’s wife. When Lennie kills her everything is over; Lennie knows this, but he is too slow to realise it’s true. In this verse Robbie Burns tries to tell us that men are as weak as mice, and that often our plans don’t succeed and we only get the opposite. Curly’s wife is one of the most important characters in the book because she represents both loneliness and prejudice; and is also a victim of both. She is prejudged for being a woman and is not even given a name; this is how John Steinbeck shows the prejudice in the book. â€Å"If I catch any one man, and he’s alone, I get along fine with him. But just let two of the guys get together an’ you won’t talk. Jus’ nothing but mad. You’re all scared of each other†, in this quotation you can see how she and all the workers in the ranch feel; they are all lonely but they’re all too scared of being prejudged for talking to Curly’s wife. She is married, even if Curly doesn’t love her; but he is very possessive, and cnat stand that she flirts with the workers in the ranch. â€Å"Got no teeth, he’s all stiff with rheumatism. He ain’t no good to you, Candy. An’ he ain’t no good to himself. Why’n’t you shoot him, Candy?† Candy’s dog is his only friend, this shows all the loneliness in the ranch. Candy is left to no other option than to shoot the dog, his only companion, and this will lead him to complete loneliness. This is an obvious metaphor to what’s going to happen to Lennie, which is no good for George or any one else. Another small metaphor, which gives a clue to what’s going to happen to Lennie, is that the same gun is used to kill the dog and Lennie. When George and Lennie are in the bunkhouse, Lennie plays a solitaire. This is a metaphor to George’s loneliness. He has Lennie but he knows he’s not capable of doing difficult tasks, and in some way Lennie is to George no more than a pet dog; this fact ‘highlights’ George’s situation: loneliness. When George kills Lennie, slim is the only one that realizes it was him, and knew it was going to happen: â€Å"Never you mind. A guy got to sometimes†. Lennie has sometimes in the book got a dead mouse or animal in his pocket; he loves them, and never intends to kill them, but he does. This reflects what’s going to happen to the dream, Lennie loves it, but unconsciously, he destroys it. Optimism takes a good part in the book; Lennie’s relationship with George is optimistic because Lennie is always thinking in the future and in the dream. Candy too is optimistic about the dream, but knows it’s all over when Lennie kills Curly’s wife. George is the cleverest from the three and knows from the beginning that the dream is never going to happen, and that it’s impossible. Lennie keeps going on about the dream and so George finally with optimism and for a short period of time, thinks its possible but it all comes to an end when Lennie accidentally kills Culys’s wife. This is a book with a pessimistic atmosphere, and it’s set in a bad time for the world. John Steinbeck had the same life as a worker like George and had similar experiences. Lennie’s relationship with Gorge in the beginning is very optimistic, but in the end it all changes and their lives turn into a ‘blind alley’. In conclusion, this book is pessimistic, and it’s a masterpiece of modern literature.

The position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920’s

I believe that the following statement the position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920's is not true because only a small percentage of women's lives changed, these were usually the upper or middle class and those who lived in the cities. I intend to prove my beliefs in the following paragraphs by evaluating the different aspects of their life's, work, home, society and clothing. Work During the First world war a number of women worked for the first time, some of these jobs had previously been done by men. Even though women proved that they could do these jobs just as well as the men, many lost their jobs when the men returned from war. Two million more women were employed in 1930 than in 1920, this was however an increase of only 1 per cent. Women achieved almost a third of all degrees by 1930, but only 4% of the professors were women. Women still tended to work in the least skilled and lowest paid jobs and men were still paid more than women for doing the same job. Women did not get much help from the government or police either. The Supreme Court banned laws that set a minimum wage for women workers. Men were still the managers and had the jobs with the best prospects, there were however new jobs for women but they tended to be so called women's jobs such as librarian's teachers and nurses. Most women workers still had low paying jobs. In the new radio Industry women were the preferred employees because of their small nimble hands but one of the main reasons why employees were willing to employ women was that they could pay women lower wages than men for performing the same job. Home On the whole these large middle classes do their own housework with few of the mechanical aids, among 10,000 farm houses only 32% had any running water at all, only 57% used washing machines and only 47% had a carpet sweeper. Women who live on farms and they form the largest group in the USA did a great deal of work besides their labour of caring for their children, washing the clothes, caring for the home and cooking, thousands of women still laboured in the fields. Men remained the main breadwinners and women cooked cleaned and raised their children, whereas boys continued to play with guns and grew up to head their families, girls played with dolls and looked forward to careers as wives and mothers. Society After the war and during the 1920's much changed, at least for middle and upper class women. Many taboos disappeared, women started to smoke in public: sales of cigarettes doubled during the decade. It became acceptable for women to drive, and take part in strenuous sport. Women also socialised with men more easily. Chaperons were abandoned and the pre war waltz gave way to a more daring dance the Charleston. By the mid 1920's women's fashions had been transformed. Hemlines shot up. It would have been considered scandalous for a man and unmarried women to meet alone, for whatever reason. It was also socially unacceptable for women to smoke in public before the war, it was illegal in New York. Attitudes towards sex and marriage seemed to be changing a survey in 1920 found that only 31% of the college students questioned had not had sex before marriage compared to 74% of the college students questioned in 1900. New laws made it easier for women to divorce their husbands in 1900 only 81 out of every 1000 marriages ended in divorce but by 1928 the number of marriages ending in divorce had risen to 166 out of every 1000. It now became acceptable for women to see the new superstars such as â€Å"Babe Ruth† at baseball games. There was exciting entertainment at the new cinemas built nationwide where rich and poor, men and women flocked to see Hollywood films featuring stars like Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino. In the 1920's middle class women had more free time, partly due to the new domestic labour saving products like vacuum cleaners. If they had a car (as many did ) they were no longer so bound to the home. For thousands of American women in rural areas, the 1920's did not bring many changes. They continued to play traditional roles within the family . The most significant sign that the roles of women was changing was when in 1920 women had been given the vote entitling them to more political power, this change affected all women nationwide every women had the right to vote despite her status in society. Clothing Clothes had changed, the tight waisted, ankle length, voluminous dresses of pre war days had been replaced by waistless knee length, lightweight dresses. These gave greater freedom of movement as well as being more daring. Before the war women had been expected to have long hair. After the war short hair became a sign of liberation. Make up became popular and sales boomed, led by advertisements. Flapper was a name given to a liberated urban woman. Few women would have regarded themselves as flappers but the flapper represented an extreme example of the changes that were affecting many women. They were identified by their short skirts, bobbed hair, powdered knees, bright clothes and lots of make up. Flappers were mainly upper and middle class women from the Northern states. After carefully evaluating the evidence available concerning the way women's life's changed in Society, work, clothing and home I believe that it is evident that only a small percentage of women's lives changed. These were usually the upper or middle class because they were the only ones who could afford the new mod cons e. g. vacuum cleaner resulting in them having more free time in which they could go and see the new entertainment. Also nearly all upper and middle class women possessed a car compared to a mere 40% working class families meaning that only the upper and middle class were not bound to the home. The position of all women did not improve in the 1920's because women in rural areas who formed the largest group in the USA did not notice many changes. The only significant change that improved the roles of all women within society was them gaining the vote in 1920, but this led to women losing their unifying cause. A vast majority of women's life's stayed the same.

An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essays

An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essays An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essay An Example of Dividend Policy Irrelevance Essay AN EXAMPLE OF DIVIDEND POLICY IRRELEVANCE An example provides insight into the dividend irrelevance proposition. Suppose that now is time 0, and one year from now is time 1. Carter Company just paid its time 0 dividend (assume dividends are paid once per year), and plans to publicly announce its dividend policy for the next year. It is considering the following two policies (all dollar amounts in $millions). Policy I: At time 1, dividends = $110, new share sales = 0, treasury stock purchases = 0 Policy II: At time 1, dividends = $121, new share sales = $11, treasury stock purchases = 0 The time 1 total equity value (the $2,200 in column (3) of the exhibit below) is the time 1 market value of all shares (shares that were outstanding at time 0 and new shares issued at time 1. It is the ex-dividend (post time 1 dividend) value of the firm’s equity at time 1. This amount ($2,200) is the same under policies I and II because the firm’s assets and financial structure are exactly the same under I and II (implying the same time 1 total value of all the equity outstanding at time 1). We assume that the buyers of the new time 1 stock pay a fair price for the stock. Dividend policy (1) Time 1 dividend (2) Time 1 total equity value (time 0 shares + new time 1 shares) (3) Time 1 value of new time 1 shares (4)Time 1 value of old time 0 shares [= (3) ? (4)] (5) I$110$2,2000$2,200 II$121$2,200$11$2,189 Now let’s compute the time 0 value of the Carter stock if Carter announces policy I, and if it announces policy II. Assume an equity discount rate (k) of 10%. = = = $2,100 (1) = = = $2,100 (2) In the numerator of (2), ($2,200 ? $11) is the time 1 value of the time 0 shares (the shares that were outstanding at time 0, which equals the value of all the shares at time 1 minus the value of the new shares issued at time 1). The time 0 value of those shares is independent of dividend policy. At time 1, under policy II, the time 0 shareholders give up an $11 ownership interest in the firm’s shares in exchange for an $11 dividend payments; the transaction is a wash. This wash effect holds for any dividend policy change if there are no personal taxes.

The Best IB History Notes and Study Guide for SL

The Best IB History Notes and Study Guide for SL/HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you want to do well on the IB History exam, you'll need to have a solid set of notes to study from. This can be difficult though if you're missing notes or feel like some of your own notes don't cover certain topics in enough depth. Luckily, we're here to help! We’ve assembled the best FREE online IB History notes into this complete study guide. What's the Format of the IB History Exam? The IB History course was completely updated in 2017. Now, there are five prescribed subjects for SL and HL: Military leaders Conquest and its impact The move to global war Rights and protest Conflict and intervention Your teacher will choose one that you'll cover, and you'll be tested on this for paper 1 (one hour in length). There is also a list of twelve world history topics. For paper 2 (1.5 hours), you'll cover two of these: Society and economy (750-1400) Causes and effects of medieval wars (750-1500) Dynasties and rulers (750-1500) Societies in transition (1400-1700) Early Modern states (1450-1789) Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750) Origins, development and impact of industrialization (1750-2005) Independence movements (1800-2000) Evolution and development of democratic states (1848-2000) Authoritarian states (20th century) Causes and effects of 20th-century wars The Cold War: superpower tensions and rivalries (20th century) If you're taking IB History HL, you'll also have a final paper (Paper 3) that is 2.5 hours and will cover one of the four Depth Studies: History of Africa and the Middle East History of the Americas History of Asia and Oceania History of Europe If you're interested in taking a look at the entire IBO IB History Guide, you can find it as a .pdf here. How to Use This IB History Study Guide If you’re hoping for help on one subject, use Command + F to search this guide for specific IB History notes about that subject. As an example, if you want to read about the Cold War, use Command + F to cue the search function. Then type â€Å"Cold War,† and it’ll bring up all of the study materials for the Cold War. I separate the resources into: Quick reference: one-page summary of material if you just need a quick refresher. Longer notes: notes (generally 3-10 pages) if you need more of an in-depth explanation. Flashcards: online quizzes of key terms. Common Study Mistakes for IB History SL/HL Two common mistakes are: Trying to ignore the topics you didn’t comprehend from your teacher’s lesson. If you didn’t understand it in class, you need to find additional assistance through this IB History study guide or tutoring. You're still going to be tested over this material whether you understood it in class or not! Only trying to learn the material a week or two before the IB papers. There is too much history to learn- one or two weeks will not be enough time to learn it (that's why IB History SL/HL is spread over a year or two). The best solution is keeping up in class and studying the material throughout the year. Current IB History Guides Because IB History was so recently updated, there aren't that many current notes and study guides, but we've found the best available. These guides follow the syllabus of the current version of IB History. If you are studying the same topics these notes cover, they are a great resource to use because they hit all or most of the main topics you need to know to be well prepared for the IB History exam. There are guides that cover multiple topics as well as guides that cover a single topic. Multi-Topic Guides and Overviews The History Revision guide contains in-depth notes on several IB History topics. These are: Prescribed Subjects: Move to Global War World History Topics: Authoritarian States and the Cold War HL Topics: History of Asia and Oceania IB History Duck covers similar topics. This guide focuses primarily authoritarian leaders such as Hitler, Mao, and Stalin, as well as the Cold War, histories of China, the USSR, and Imperial Japan. The Student Room has a plethora of resources for you. Just keep in mind that notes for the 2017 syllabus are mixed in with information from earlier exams, so make sure you're accessing and studying the correct material. IB Revision Notes offers in-depth, thorough notes on major topics including dictators, Imperial Russia, WWI, WWII, and the Spanish Civil War. Finding what you need might take a little digging, but it's worth the effort! The teacher-run website IB History of the Americas addresses SL and HL topics, provides paper rubrics, and has tons of helpful PowerPoints covering information from most IB History units. While light on content, this document provides an outline of each of the major units, including the information you'll touch on in order to write Paper 2. Single Topic Guides These are notes on single topics that you'll cover on the IB syllabus. World History Topics: Conquest and its Impacts Handout covering topics you should know World History Topics: Move to Global War Move to Global War unit outline Move to Global War Prezi notes Move to Global War longer notes World History Topics: Rights and Protest Rights and Protest general overview Rights and Protest PowerPoint notes Rights and Protest US Civil Rights overview Rights and Protest longer notes Rights and Protest complete unit World History Topics: Conflict and Intervention Conflict and Intervention general overview Conflict and Intervention workbook Conflict and Intervention Rwanda flash cards World History Topics: Societies in Transition Societies in Transition Prezi World History Topics: Causes and Effects of Modern Wars Causes and Effects of Modern Wars workbook World History Topics: Independence Movements Independence Movements longer notes Independence Movements Flashcards World History Topics: Evolution and Development of Democratic States Evolution and Development of Democratic States overview World History Topics: Authoritarian States Authoritarian states general overview Authoritarian states longer notes World History Topics: Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars general overview Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars longer notes Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars workbook World History Topics: The Cold War Origins of the Cold War unit outline Origins of the Cold War event overview Origins of the Cold War longer notes HL Depth Studies: IB History of the Americas History of the Americas general overview History of the Americas longer notes HL Depth Studies: History of Asia and Oceania History of China and Oceania general overview History of China and Oceania longer notes HL Depth Studies: History of Europe History of Europe longer notes Past IB History Guides These notes are based on the older (pre-2017) version of IB History. They won't fit the syllabus you're currently following in class, but since the two versions cover many similar concepts, they can still be useful for learning more about a specific topic. Just be sure not to use them as your main study resource because they may not focus on the exact same areas you're expected to know. Multiple Topics The Student Room has notes on dozens of IB History topics and can be useful if you need to brush up on facts for a specific place and time period. Peacemaking, Peacekeeping - International Relations 1918-36 Quick reference: 1.1 Aims of the participants and peacemakers: Wilson and the fourteen points 1.2 Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919-20: Versailles, St Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevre 1.3 The geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on Europe and the mandate system 1.4 Enforcement of the provisions of the treaties: US isolationism, the retreat from the Anglo-American Guarantee, Disarmament-Washington, London and Geneva Conferences 1.5 The League of Nations: effects of the absence of major powers, the principles of collective responsibility, and early attempts at peacekeeping (1920-25) 1.6 The Ruhr Crisis (1923), Locarno and the Locarno Spring 1.7 Depression and threats to international peace and collective security, Manchuria (1931 to 1933) and Abyssinia (1935 to 1936) Longer notes: The Peace Treaties after World War One The League of Nations in the 1920s The Wall St. Crash / Depression The League of Nations in the 1930s Communism in Crisis 1976–89 Quick reference: 2.1 The struggle for power following the death of Mao Zedong, Hua Guofeng, the reemergence of Deng Xiaoping and the defeat of the Gang of Four 2.2 China under Deng Xiaoping, economic policies and the Four Modernizations 2.3 China Under Deng Xiaoping, Political Changes And Their Limits, Culminating In The Demonstrations In Tiananmen Square 2.4 Domestic and foreign problems of the Brezhnev era, economic and political stagnation, Afghanistan Longer notes: The Cold War c.1945-55 The Cold War c.1955-91 The Korean War c.1950-53 Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars Longer notes: World War One Causes of WW1 Course / Effects WW1 The Peace Treaties German Involvement in Spanish Civil War Causes of the Chinese Civil War Causes of WW2 The Cold War Democratic States- Challenges and Responses Longer notes: Weimar Germany Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single-Party States Longer notes: Mao Stalin Hitler Pinochet Tsarist / Revolutionary Russia Stalin's USSR Additional Stalin's USSR materials Hitler's Germany The Cold War Longer notes: Cold War Study Guide Sample Cold War Questions Cold War Document Chart The Korean War c.1950-53 Aspects of the History of the Americas Longer notes: United States Civil War: Causes, Course and Effects 1840-1877 Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs 1880-1929 Political Developments in the Americas after the Second World War 1945-79 The Cold War and the Americas Civil Rights and Social Movements in America Aspects of the History of Asia and Oceania Longer notes with videos Aspects of the History of Europe and the Middle East #1: The French Revolution and Napoleon Longer notes #2: Unification and Consolidation of Germany and Italy Longer notes #3: The Ottoman Empire #4: Western and Northern Europe 1848-1914 #5: Imperial Russia, Revolutions, Emergence of Soviet State 1853-1924 Longer notes: Tsarist and Revolutionary Russia to 1924 Longer notes: Alexander II Longer notes: Alexander III Longer notes: Nicholas II #6: European Diplomacy and the First World War 1870-1923 Longer notes: Causes of WW1, Course / Effects WW1, the Peace Treaties #7: War and Change in the Middle East 1914-49 Longer notes #8: Interwar Years: Conflict and Co-operation 1919-39 Longer notes: The Peace Treaties after World War One Longer notes: The League of Nations in the 1920s Longer notes: The Wall St. Crash / Depression Longer notes: The League of Nations in the 1930s Longer notes: The Spanish Civil War #9: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1924-2000 Longer notes: Stalin's USSR Khrushchev and Brezhnev Hitler's Germany The Cold War c.1945-55 Causes for the Collapse of Communism in Europe #10: The Second World War and Post-War Western Europe 1939-2000 #11: Post-War Developments in the Middle East 1945-2000 Longer notes #12: Social and Economic Developments in Europe and the Middle East Longer notes: European Option What’s Next? Looking for more practice material for IB History? Then you'll definitely want to delve into our complete collection of free and official past IB history papers. Interested in brushing up on some of your historical knowledge? Read about the Platt Amendment, checks and balances in the US government (as well as how the executive branch checks the judicial branch), and lighthouse keeper Ida Lewis. Alternatively, boost your esoteric knowledge by learning about the history of the three-hole punch and the real story of David Ghantt and the Loomis Fargo heist. Finally, you can get practice materials for other IB classes on our blog: Every IB Biology Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Business and Management Past Paper Available: FREE and Official Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official Every IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB English Past Paper: Free and Official The Complete IB Extended Essay Guide: Examples, Topics, and Ideas Every IB Geography Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Math Past Paper: Free and Official Where to Find IB Physics Past Papers - Free and Official Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Rumi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rumi - Essay Example Rumi’s influence is to be counted on religion in general as Rumi’s mysticism can be applied to the notion of God and human soul in most of the religions of the world. The mystic tradition itself does not adhere to any particular institutional and formal features of a religious system. Though mystic traditions differs from each other based on various features of the notion of God and the relationship of human beings with God, these traditions are stitched together with the thread of spirituality of human being. In the same manner, Rumi also defies the materialistic and the traditional institutional approach of Islam and stresses on the fact that the ascendance to God is only possible through spirituality and devotion to God. In this regard Rumi’s Sufism often resembles to Dante and Whitman. In the mystic tradition of Islam Rumi’s concept of love is the most influential aspect that tends to validate Sufism as an essential part of Islamic theology, in Chittick’s view the Sufi concept of love is to be characterized as ‘gnosis’ in other words, â€Å"wisdom made up of knowledge and sanctity† (Chittick 18). Rumi asserts that man is essentially a theomorphic being, â€Å"a being created in the image of God and therefore as possessing the three basic qualities of intelligence, free-will and speech† (Chittick 7). Here the intelligence of a human being reveals the existence of God before him and free-will enables to take the initiatives to be united with God. Finally Speech provides a man with the means to bridge the illusory gap between man and God. In Rumi’s Sufi doctrine, human speech that serves as the means towards the intimacy of God appears in the form of prayer or invocation. A man can transcend himself to a state -where he feels the presence of God as a real being- though spiritual realization. â€Å"Therefore attainment of metaphysical knowledge† as Chittick says in

Marketing Channels and Logistics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Channels and Logistics - Coursework Example Supply chain management is an important business operation function that helps an organization to maintain efficiency in the resource allocation, manufacturing, processing, procurement, logistics, delivery and returning (Rushton, Oxley and Croucher, 2010, p.34). Overall business performance of an organization highly depends upon the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain network of an organization. Recently, the global organizations are trying to maintain sustainability in their supply chain management process. Implementation of green strategy in the supply chain management process helps an organization to maintain sustainability in the business operation process and offer products and services according to the market demand and needs of target customers. The study will consider the supply chain management process of Tesco Plc. Tesco is one of the leading UK based multinational retail chains that has the strong presence in several emerging global marketplaces. The organizat ion is considered as one of the leading players within the global; retail chain industry due to profitability and high employment generation. Tesco implemented several green and sustainable operational strategies in the supply chain management process in order to maintain its leading position in the marketplace. The study will analyze the principles of environmental and social sustainability that are adopted by Tesco in its business operation process. Supply Chain Activities of Tesco Tesco is the most prestigious organization among the stakeholders, employees, government of the country and customers or several business clients as the organization always tries to follow and maintain corporate values in several business operations. It is true that Tesco is one of the leading organizations within the global retail chai9n industry. Major objective of the organization is to maximize business profit by ensuring the sustainability of entire community and society. It is highly important for an organization to maintain effective sustainability in the supply chain management system as the governments of several countries have introduced various strict policies and regulations for the organizations. Tesco highly believes in centralized distribution process (Emmett and Sood, 2010, p.95). This centralized distribution process helps the organization to keep entire control of overall supply chain management performances. In addition to this, strong discipline and maintenance of high supply chain value helps the management of Tesco to ensure the sustainability in entire supply chain management process. The organization heavily relies on the innovation and core value of customers in the supply chain management. This sustainable business operation processes and high efficiency across the entire supply chain network in this world helped the organization to attain 100 percent efficiency level. The above figure is the overall sustainability performance of several leading global re tail chains.